A bruise, also known as a contusion, develops when small blood vessels beneath the skin break, usually from a bump or blow. The leaked blood gets trapped under the skin, forming a dark mark that typically appears black, purple, or blue. As the bruise heals, it gradually changes color, often turning green, yellow, and then fading away.


Treatment

Most bruises are minor and can be treated at home using simple care techniques to relieve pain and reduce discoloration.

  • Elevate the bruised area above heart level whenever possible to reduce blood flow to the area.

  • Apply an ice pack wrapped in a thin towel for 20 minutes at a time. Repeat this several times a day for the first 24 to 48 hours. Cold helps minimize swelling and numb the pain.

  • If there is noticeable swelling, you can wrap the area with an elastic bandage. Make sure it is snug but not too tight, to avoid cutting off circulation.

  • If the skin is not broken, there is usually no need to apply a bandage directly over the bruise.

  • Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help manage discomfort if necessary.


When To Call a Doctor

While most bruises heal on their own, some may indicate a more serious condition. Contact a healthcare provider if you:

  • Experience intense swelling and pain in the bruised area

  • Suspect that the bruise might be related to abuse, including child abuse, elder abuse, or domestic violence

  • Still feel pain or tenderness three days after a minor injury

  • Notice frequent, large, or unexplained bruises without any known cause

  • Have a personal or family history of easy bruising or unusual bleeding

  • Develop a lump under the skin near the bruise, which could indicate a hematoma (a pool of collected blood)

  • Observe other bleeding symptoms, such as nosebleeds or bleeding gums