What is frostbite?

Frostbite is a serious cold injury that occurs when your skin and the underlying tissues freeze due to exposure to extremely low temperatures. Early signs include a cold sensation and numbness. As the condition worsens, the skin may turn pale, blue, hard, or waxy in appearance.

The areas most vulnerable to frostbite include:

  • Fingers and toes

  • Ears and nose

  • Cheeks and chin

When to seek emergency help

Some cases of frostbite require immediate medical attention, especially when symptoms go beyond skin discoloration. Call for emergency care if you or someone else experiences:

  • Severe pain that doesn’t go away with pain relievers and rewarming

  • Uncontrollable or intense shivering

  • Slurred speech or mumbling

  • Confusion or extreme drowsiness

  • Difficulty walking or standing

  • Suspected hypothermia, which may include symptoms like confusion, clumsiness, and slurred speech

How to treat frostbite: first aid steps

Mild frostbite—often referred to as frostnip—can usually be managed at home. However, moderate to severe frostbite should always be treated by a medical professional. Here’s how to respond quickly and safely:

  1. Prevent further exposure
    If there's any chance the area might freeze again, do not thaw it. Repeated freezing and thawing can cause more damage. If the area is already thawed, keep it warm and protected.

  2. Rewarm with body heat
    Tuck frostbitten fingers into your armpits. Cover ears, cheeks, or nose with dry, gloved hands.

  3. Move to a warmer environment
    Get indoors quickly. Remove any wet clothing. Wrap yourself in a warm blanket.

  4. Gently soak the frostbitten area
    Use warm (not hot) water, ideally 37–39°C (98–102°F). Soak hands, feet, or other affected areas for about 30 minutes. For ears and nose, apply warm, wet compresses.

  5. Stay hydrated and warm
    Sip a warm, nonalcoholic beverage. Avoid caffeine and alcohol.

  6. Manage pain
    Use over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen.

  7. Remove restrictive items
    Take off rings, watches, or tight clothing from the affected area before swelling occurs.

What not to do when treating frostbite

Avoid these common mistakes, as they can worsen tissue damage:

  • Do not rub the frostbitten skin with snow, towels, or other surfaces

  • Do not walk on frostbitten feet or toes unless absolutely necessary

  • Do not apply direct heat such as heating pads, stoves, or fireplaces

  • Do not drink alcohol

  • Do not use blow dryers or car heaters to warm the skin

Understanding the dangers of frostbite

Frostbite can lead to permanent damage, including nerve injury or even amputation in severe cases. Early recognition and appropriate first aid are key to preventing complications. If symptoms do not improve after initial rewarming, seek immediate medical care.