Anaphylaxis is a critical medical emergency that arises from a severe allergic reaction. It can strike suddenly, triggering a rapid drop in blood pressure, narrowing of airways, and difficulty breathing. Without prompt treatment, this condition can become life-threatening within minutes.

This reaction typically occurs after exposure to an allergen — a substance that the immune system mistakenly identifies as harmful. While most cases develop quickly after contact with the allergen, some may appear after a delay, and in rare instances, no specific trigger can be identified at all.

Common Triggers That Can Lead to Anaphylaxis

Several substances are known to commonly cause anaphylactic reactions in sensitive individuals, including:

  • Certain medications

  • Latex products

  • Foods such as peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, and fish

  • Insect stings, especially from bees, wasps, yellow jackets, hornets, or fire ants

When to Seek Immediate Medical Help

If you are with someone who appears to be having an intense allergic reaction, especially with signs of anaphylaxis, do not hesitate — call 911 or your local emergency number immediately.

Even if symptoms seem mild at first, they can rapidly worsen. Waiting to see if things improve can be deadly. Quick action is essential, as untreated anaphylaxis can be fatal within 30 minutes.

It’s also crucial to get medical attention even if the person begins to feel better. In some cases, symptoms may return, so staying under observation at a hospital for several hours is generally recommended.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Anaphylaxis

Identifying anaphylaxis early can save lives. Symptoms often appear quickly and may include:

  • Skin changes: hives, intense itching, flushing, or unusual skin color

  • Swelling: particularly of the lips, face, eyes, or throat

  • Breathing difficulties: wheezing, tightness in the chest, or trouble swallowing

  • Circulatory signs: weak or rapid heartbeat

  • Gastrointestinal symptoms: such as vomiting, nausea, or diarrhea

  • Neurological effects: dizziness, fainting, or complete loss of consciousness

What To Do During an Anaphylactic Emergency

While waiting for emergency personnel, take the following steps:

  1. Ask about an epinephrine autoinjector: If the person has one (such as an EpiPen or Auvi-Q), help them use it if they’re unable to do it themselves. The injector is usually pressed firmly against the thigh.

  2. Position the person safely: Have them lie on their back and keep them as still as possible. If they are vomiting or bleeding from the mouth, carefully roll them onto their side to prevent choking.

  3. Loosen tight clothing: This can help improve circulation and ease breathing. Cover the person with a blanket to prevent shock.

  4. Start CPR if needed: If the individual is not breathing, coughing, or moving, begin chest compressions at a rate of around 100 per minute and continue until help arrives.

Why Antihistamines Are Not Enough

Over-the-counter allergy medications like diphenhydramine (Benadryl) may help ease mild symptoms, but they work too slowly to reverse a severe allergic reaction. Epinephrine is the only first-line treatment for anaphylaxis. It acts quickly to reduce airway swelling and support blood pressure.

Critical Things to Avoid

During an episode of anaphylaxis:

  • Do not give the person anything to drink, as it may increase the risk of choking or aspiration, especially if they are having trouble swallowing or are unconscious.

Preventive Steps and Follow-Up

If you've experienced a severe allergic reaction before, it's essential to discuss this with your healthcare provider. They may recommend carrying a prescription epinephrine autoinjector at all times.

Additionally, consider:

  • Wearing a medical alert bracelet

  • Educating close contacts or coworkers on how to use your epinephrine autoinjector

  • Identifying and avoiding known allergens as strictly as possible

Final Thoughts

Anaphylaxis is unpredictable, but being prepared can make all the difference. Recognizing the symptoms, acting quickly, and knowing how to use an epinephrine injector are all key components of managing this medical emergency effectively.

If you have any history of severe allergies, speak with a medical professional about creating a personalized emergency action plan — it could save your life or someone else’s.