Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body’s organs don’t receive enough blood flow and oxygen. It can result from trauma, extensive blood loss, heatstroke, severe infection, poisoning, an allergic reaction, serious burns, or other critical health emergencies.
Without prompt treatment, shock can lead to permanent organ damage or death.
When to Call for Emergency Help
If you suspect someone is experiencing shock, call 911 or your local emergency number immediately.
Recognizing the Symptoms of Shock
Signs of shock can vary depending on the cause, but common symptoms include:
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Cool, clammy skin
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Pale or ashen complexion
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Gray or bluish lips or fingernails
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Rapid heartbeat (pulse)
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Fast, shallow breathing
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Nausea or vomiting
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Dilated (enlarged) pupils
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Fatigue or weakness
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Dizziness or fainting
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Anxiety, confusion, or agitation
First Aid Steps for Shock
While waiting for emergency responders, take these steps to help stabilize the person:
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Lay the person down flat on their back
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Elevate their legs and feet about 12 inches (30 cm), unless it causes pain or you suspect an injury to the head, neck, back, hips, or legs
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Keep them still and calm
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Start CPR if the person is not breathing, has no pulse, or is unresponsive
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Loosen tight clothing around the neck, chest, and waist
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Cover the person with a blanket or coat to prevent heat loss
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If the person vomits or is bleeding from the mouth, and you’re sure there's no spinal injury, turn them onto their side to prevent choking
What to Avoid During Shock First Aid
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Do not give anything to eat or drink
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Do not move the person unless absolutely necessary
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Avoid raising the head, especially if there's a risk of brain or spinal injury