Overview

A sprain is an injury to a ligament caused by overstretching or tearing. Ligaments are strong, elastic-like bands that connect bones to each other and help stabilize joints. Sprains can involve partial or complete tearing of a ligament.

When to Seek Emergency Help

You should seek medical care right away if:

  • You cannot bear weight on the injured leg

  • The joint feels unstable, numb, or unusable

  • There is a change in skin color or spreading streaks, which may suggest infection

  • There is pain directly over the bones of the injured joint

  • You re-injure an area that has been hurt multiple times before

  • You suspect a severe sprain, as delaying treatment can cause long-term instability or pain

Apply a cold pack while heading to the medical facility if possible.

Symptoms

Sprains most commonly affect the ankles, knees, and wrists. Signs of a sprain include:

  • Swelling

  • Pain

  • Bruising

  • Limited ability to move the joint

Generally, the more intense the pain and swelling, the more serious the injury.

Treatment

Use the R.I.C.E. method for initial treatment:

  • Rest the injured area. Avoid putting weight on it for the first 48 to 72 hours. Crutches, braces, or splints may be necessary. However, you can still exercise other parts of your body. For instance, using a stationary bike with arm handles allows upper-body and non-injured leg movement.

  • Ice the injury as soon as possible. Apply for 15 to 20 minutes, 4 to 8 times daily, during the first 48 hours or until swelling decreases. Use a towel or cloth to protect your skin and avoid tissue damage. Do not exceed 20 minutes per session.

  • Compress the area using an elastic bandage or wrap. This helps manage swelling and supports the injured joint.

  • Elevate the injured limb above heart level when possible. Use a pillow or cushion to raise it, which helps reduce swelling.

Sprains can take from a few days to several months to heal. As symptoms improve, gently start using the joint again. Over-the-counter pain medications like ibuprofen or acetaminophen may help relieve discomfort.

Prevention

Before resuming physical activities or sports, you must restore full strength, balance, and flexibility. A physical therapist or sports medicine professional can guide you through specific exercises to:

  • Promote recovery

  • Reduce the risk of re-injury

When to Call Your Doctor

Sprains can sometimes mask more serious injuries such as fractures. Contact your healthcare provider if:

  • Symptoms do not improve within two to three days

  • Pain, swelling, or inability to move the joint worsens over time