What is hypothermia

Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can generate, causing the core body temperature to drop below 95°F (35°C). If not treated quickly, hypothermia can lead to organ failure, unconsciousness, and even death.

It is most commonly caused by exposure to cold weather or immersion in cold water, but can also happen indoors in cool environments, especially to vulnerable groups like older adults and infants. Factors like exhaustion, dehydration, and poor clothing insulation increase the risk.

When to seek emergency help

If you suspect someone has hypothermia, call 911 or your local emergency number right away. Early intervention is critical. Even if symptoms appear mild, hypothermia can worsen quickly without treatment.

Common symptoms

Hypothermia usually develops slowly, and symptoms may vary depending on the severity. Watch for signs such as:

  • Shivering, which may stop as the body continues to cool

  • Slurred speech or mumbling

  • Slow, shallow breathing

  • Weak pulse

  • Clumsiness or lack of coordination

  • Drowsiness or fatigue

  • Confusion or memory loss

  • Loss of consciousness

  • In infants, bright red skin that feels cold to the touch

First aid for hypothermia

If someone is showing signs of hypothermia, act immediately using the following steps:

Move the person to a warmer location, preferably indoors. If that's not possible, shield them from wind and cold, especially around the head and neck. Place a blanket or insulation between the person and the cold ground.

Remove any wet clothing carefully and replace it with warm, dry layers. Use coats, blankets, or sleeping bags to insulate the body.

Warm the body gradually. Focus on the center of the body—the chest, neck, and groin. Apply warm, dry compresses or an electric blanket if available. If using a hot water bottle or chemical heat pack, wrap it in a towel before placing it on the skin.

Offer warm, sweet, nonalcoholic beverages if the person is conscious and able to swallow. This helps warm the body from the inside.

Begin CPR if the person shows no signs of life, such as breathing, coughing, or movement. Continue until medical professionals arrive or the person revives.

What not to do

Avoid rapid rewarming, such as using hot baths or heating lamps. These methods can shock the body.

Do not warm arms and legs first. Doing so can force cold blood back toward the heart and lungs, which can lead to a dangerous drop in core temperature.

Do not give alcohol or cigarettes. Alcohol slows the body’s ability to generate heat, and tobacco constricts blood vessels, reducing circulation needed for warming.

Conclusion

Hypothermia is a dangerous condition that requires immediate attention. Recognizing the symptoms and knowing how to provide proper first aid can make the difference between life and death. Always act quickly, warm the person gradually, and seek emergency help as soon as possible.