Overview of toothache causes

Toothache is a common dental complaint in both children and adults. The most frequent cause is tooth decay, which begins when bacteria in the mouth feed on sugars and starches from food, creating plaque on the teeth. The acids from plaque slowly erode the enamel, leading to cavities.

You might feel pain when eating sweet, cold, or hot foods. In some cases, tooth decay appears as white or brown spots on the tooth surface.

Other possible causes include:

  • Food lodged between teeth or plaque buildup

  • Gum or root infections

  • Injury to the tooth or teeth grinding

  • Cracks or chips in the tooth

  • Worn-out or split fillings

  • Teething in infants and toddlers

  • Impacted wisdom teeth

  • Sinus infections that cause referred pain in upper teeth

Regardless of the cause, toothaches often require dental treatment.

Self-care tips before seeing a dentist

If you can’t visit your dentist right away, try these measures at home:

  • Rinse your mouth with warm water

  • Gently floss to dislodge food particles between teeth

  • Take over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen

  • Avoid placing aspirin directly on gums, as it may irritate or burn the tissue

  • If the pain is due to an injury, apply a cold compress to the outside of your cheek

Caution with benzocaine products

Benzocaine, once recommended for tooth pain relief, may cause methemoglobinemia—a rare but serious condition that reduces oxygen in the blood. Follow these safety guidelines:

  • Consult a dentist or doctor before using benzocaine products

  • Do not use benzocaine products in children under 2 years old

  • Never exceed the recommended dosage

  • Keep benzocaine-containing products out of children’s reach

When to call your doctor or dentist

Contact your dentist or healthcare provider right away if:

  • The pain lasts longer than one or two days

  • You have a fever or signs of infection

  • Your gums are red, swollen, or producing foul-tasting discharge

  • You experience pain when biting or chewing

  • You have difficulty breathing or swallowing — seek emergency care immediately