Overview

Burns are injuries to the skin and deeper tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or steam. In children, common sources include hot drinks, soup, and food heated in microwaves.

While major burns require emergency medical attention, minor burns can often be treated effectively with basic first aid.

When to Seek Emergency Medical Help

Call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room if the burn:

  • Is deep, affecting all layers of the skin

  • Looks dry, leathery, charred, or has patches of white, black, or brown

  • Is larger than 3 inches (about 8 cm) in diameter

  • Affects the face, hands, feet, groin, buttocks, a major joint, or wraps around a limb

  • Was caused by electricity or chemicals

  • Is accompanied by smoke inhalation

  • Starts swelling quickly

Even minor burns may require emergency care if they involve:

  • Eyes, mouth, genitals, or hands

  • Infants or elderly people

How to Treat a Major Burn (Until Help Arrives)

  1. Prevent further injury: Safely remove the person from the burn source. For electrical burns, make sure the power is turned off first.

  2. Check breathing: Perform rescue breathing if trained and necessary.

  3. Remove tight items: Take off rings, belts, or jewelry near the burned area before swelling begins.

  4. Cover the burn: Use clean gauze or cloth. Do not apply ointments or creams.

  5. Elevate the burn area: If possible, raise the wound above heart level to reduce swelling.

  6. Monitor for shock: Signs include pale or cool skin, shallow breathing, and a weak pulse.

First Aid for Minor Burns

For small, superficial burns:

  1. Cool the burn: Place the area under cool (not cold) running water for 10 minutes. If water isn't available, use a cool, wet cloth. For burns in the mouth, such as from hot food, suck on ice chips briefly.

  2. Remove rings or tight items: Do this gently before the area starts swelling.

  3. Apply soothing lotion: After cooling the burn, use an aloe vera or cocoa butter lotion to moisturize and prevent dryness.

  4. Bandage lightly: Cover the burn with a clean, loose bandage to protect the skin and reduce pain.

  5. Manage pain: Over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help relieve discomfort.

What to Avoid

  • Do not use ice-cold water, as it may worsen the injury.

  • Do not pop blisters. If a blister breaks, clean the area gently and apply antibiotic ointment.

  • Do not try to remove clothing that is stuck to the burned skin.

When to Call a Doctor

  • If the burn is deep and you haven’t had a tetanus booster in the last 5 years, a shot may be needed within 48 hours.

  • If signs of infection develop—such as increased redness, swelling, pus, or fever—seek medical attention.