Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin condition in which the immune system attacks melanocytes—the cells responsible for producing pigment in the skin. As these cells are destroyed, the affected areas of skin gradually lose their color, leading to visible milky-white patches.

The condition can develop at any age and affect individuals of all skin tones. It often begins with small discolored areas that may expand over time. Depending on the type of vitiligo, these patches may be isolated to one area, appear on multiple parts of the body, or in rare cases, affect almost the entire body.

Vitiligo is not contagious, and the patches are typically painless. However, they can be more sensitive to sun exposure and may influence a person's emotional and psychological well-being.

Skin Symptoms

Vitiligo most commonly presents with patches of depigmentation, often symmetrical and located on:

  • The face

  • Elbows

  • Knees

  • Backs of the hands and feet

  • Genitals

These patches usually begin as faint discolorations, becoming pink, and eventually turning distinctly white. Their size, shape, and location vary from person to person.

Types of vitiligo include:

  • Localized vitiligo: Patches appear in one specific part of the body.

  • Generalized vitiligo: Patches are spread across several areas of the body.

  • Universal vitiligo: A rare type involving loss of pigment over nearly the entire body.

  • Non-segmental vitiligo: The most common form, presenting symmetrical patches on both sides.

Although vitiligo patches are not painful, they may become itchy as they develop. Since melanin helps shield the skin from sun damage, depigmented areas are more vulnerable to sunburn.

Hair Symptoms

Vitiligo can cause hair in affected areas to turn white or gray. This often occurs on the:

  • Scalp

  • Eyebrows

  • Eyelashes

  • Beard or mustache

In some cases, hair on the arms and legs may also be affected if the surrounding skin is depigmented.

Eye Symptoms

Vitiligo may impact the eyes, particularly if facial patches are present. Melanocytes exist in both the skin and the eyes, especially in:

  • The retina: Inflammation may occur in this light-sensitive part of the eye.

  • The iris: The colored part of the eye can change in pigmentation.

Some people may notice increased sensitivity in their eyes or visible changes in iris color. Though uncommon, vitiligo may also cause vision changes, which is why routine eye exams are often recommended.

Ear Symptoms

Vitiligo can sometimes affect melanocytes in the inner ear. Though this is less common, it may lead to:

  • Hearing changes

  • Potential hearing loss

Studies have found that up to 12%–38% of people with vitiligo may experience some degree of hearing loss, as melanocytes in the ear help support auditory function.

Mental Health Symptoms

While vitiligo does not cause physical pain, it can deeply affect emotional well-being. People with visible patches may experience:

  • Self-consciousness or embarrassment

  • Lowered self-esteem

  • Social anxiety or isolation

  • Depression

Adjusting to the condition may take time. Support groups and mental health counseling can help individuals cope with the psychological impact.

When To See a Healthcare Provider

Vitiligo is not life-threatening, but it can impact your overall quality of life. If you notice:

  • Skin discoloration

  • Changes in hair, vision, or hearing

  • Emotional distress related to appearance

…it is important to consult a healthcare provider. They may work with a dermatologist for diagnosis and treatment, and refer you to other specialists, such as:

  • Ophthalmologists: To monitor eye health

  • Audiologists: To assess hearing

  • Therapists: To support mental health

Early medical evaluation can help manage symptoms, track progression, and provide emotional support.

A Quick Review

Vitiligo is an autoimmune condition that leads to the destruction of pigment-producing cells in the skin. It causes patches of depigmented skin, often on the face, hands, feet, elbows, and knees.

Other symptoms may include premature graying of hair, changes in eye and ear function, and emotional effects such as anxiety or low self-esteem. Although vitiligo is not painful or contagious, it can significantly affect day-to-day life.

If you suspect you have vitiligo, or your condition is progressing, seek professional guidance. A healthcare provider can assist with diagnosis, develop a treatment plan, and offer support for both physical and emotional symptoms.