Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin condition that leads to the loss of pigmentation in patches on the skin. It happens when the immune system mistakenly attacks melanocytes—the skin cells responsible for producing melanin. The condition can appear anywhere on the body but is most commonly seen on the hands, feet, elbows, knees, face, and genitals.

Vitiligo affects around 0.5% to 2% of the global population. While it can affect people of all races, the condition is more noticeable on people with darker skin tones. This visibility can contribute to stigma, especially in Black, Indigenous, and other people of color communities.

Although there is no cure or absolute way to prevent vitiligo, certain lifestyle changes and treatment options may help reduce its progression and prevent new patches from forming.

Who Is Most At Risk?

The exact cause of vitiligo is still not fully understood. However, a combination of genetic, immune system, and environmental factors may trigger the condition.

demographic factors
Vitiligo is the most common pigmentation disorder globally and affects men and women equally. The majority of individuals are diagnosed before the age of 30.

genetic risk
A family history of vitiligo increases the likelihood of developing the condition. However, genetics alone aren’t enough. For instance, studies on identical twins show that both twins develop vitiligo only about 23% of the time, highlighting the influence of other factors.

associated autoimmune disorders
Certain autoimmune conditions are known to raise the risk of vitiligo, including:

  • Addison’s disease

  • Anemia

  • Psoriasis

  • Type 1 diabetes

  • Rheumatoid arthritis

  • Thyroid disease

  • Lupus

environmental triggers
Triggers such as sunburn, skin trauma, chemical exposure, and high stress levels have been linked to the onset or worsening of vitiligo in some people.

How To Reduce Your Risk

While the onset of vitiligo cannot be entirely prevented, taking specific actions may help manage or slow the condition’s development.

Limiting Sun Exposure

People with vitiligo are more prone to sunburn and skin sensitivity. Dermatologists recommend avoiding direct sun exposure to reduce the risk of skin damage and worsening symptoms.

sun protection tips include:

  • using sunscreen: Apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 25 or higher. Choose waterproof products and reapply throughout the day.

  • wearing protective clothing: Use wide-brimmed hats, long sleeves, and sunglasses to minimize sun exposure.

  • seeking shade: Stay in the shade, especially during peak sunlight hours between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m.

Taking Medications

Several treatments may help slow the spread of vitiligo and even help restore pigmentation.

oral glucocorticoids
For fast-spreading vitiligo, doctors may prescribe prednisone (Rayos). It’s usually taken daily for two weeks to help suppress the immune response.

topical corticosteroids
These creams can reduce inflammation and help melanocytes regenerate. They are typically applied one to two times daily to affected areas.

topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs)
These creams work by blocking the immune response that causes pigment loss. They are often used for sensitive areas like the face.

systemic immunosuppressants
If other therapies are not effective, drugs like methotrexate or cyclosporine may be used to suppress the immune system more broadly.

Choosing Anti-Inflammatory Foods

While there is no specific “vitiligo diet,” eating foods that reduce inflammation may support skin and immune health.

recommended nutrients include:

  • antioxidants: Found in blueberries, leafy greens, dark chocolate, and nuts, antioxidants help reduce oxidative stress.

  • vitamin D: Foods such as yogurt, cheese, fatty fish, and eggs can help boost vitamin D levels, which may aid in reducing symptoms.

  • omega-3 fatty acids: Present in fish, seeds, nuts, and soybeans, omega-3s support immune balance.

  • phytochemicals: Found in colorful vegetables like tomatoes, broccoli, and carrots, these compounds may lower inflammation.

foods to avoid include:

  • Fried and processed foods high in trans fats

  • Processed meats (e.g., hot dogs, pepperoni)

  • White bread and refined carbs

  • Sugary drinks

  • Alcohol

Some studies also suggest a connection between vitiligo and gluten sensitivity. If your doctor suspects a link, a gluten-free diet may be beneficial.

Using Vitamins and Herbal Supplements

Vitamins and supplements can support conventional treatments. They may help reduce inflammation and protect against further pigment loss.

beneficial vitamins include:

  • Vitamin B12

  • Vitamin C

  • Vitamin D

  • Vitamin E

  • Zinc

  • Alpha-lipoic acid

herbal supplements that may help:

  • ginkgo biloba: May reduce inflammation and slow pigment loss. Some small studies support its effectiveness.

  • polypodium leucotomos: A tropical plant with antioxidant properties that may reduce patch spread, especially on the face and neck.

  • phyllanthus emblica (amla): Rich in vitamin E and antioxidants, it may help slow disease progression when taken consistently.

Discuss With Your Healthcare Provider

If you notice new depigmented patches or symptoms suggestive of vitiligo, consult your healthcare provider promptly. Early diagnosis and tailored treatment plans can help manage the condition effectively.

Inform your provider of any lifestyle or dietary changes before incorporating them into your daily routine to ensure they align with your treatment goals.

A Quick Review

Vitiligo causes pigment loss due to an autoimmune attack on skin cells. While there is no cure or sure way to prevent it, protecting your skin from the sun, taking anti-inflammatory medications or supplements, and making healthy lifestyle changes may help reduce the spread and appearance of vitiligo.