Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common joint disorders that causes a gradual breakdown of cartilage, the smooth tissue that cushions the ends of bones. As cartilage wears away, the surfaces of your joints become rough and irregular, leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling over time.

When cartilage is damaged, your joints can no longer move smoothly or absorb impact effectively. This can cause discomfort during daily activities and, in more advanced stages, visible changes to joint structure and movement.

Healthcare providers classify OA as either primary (occurring naturally with age or use) or secondary (developing after injury, disease, or deformity). OA most often affects the hands, knees, hips, neck, and lower back, though any joint in the body can be impacted. Symptoms often worsen after repetitive movement, cold weather, weight changes, or infection.

Pain

joint pain is typically the first and most noticeable symptom of osteoarthritis.

  • Early in the disease, pain may come and go and feel like a deep ache.

  • As OA progresses, pain may become more constant and shift from a dull ache to sharp or stabbing sensations.

  • Weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and spine often hurt more with activity and improve with rest.

  • In severe cases, even light touch or pressure on the joint can trigger pain.

Swelling

joint swelling occurs when the breakdown of cartilage increases pressure and irritation in the joint.
As cartilage thins, bones experience more friction, causing the joint to produce extra synovial fluid (a lubricating liquid). The buildup of this fluid, along with inflammation, can lead to visible swelling and tenderness.

Swelling may appear:

  • Inside the joint capsule

  • Around the surrounding soft tissues

  • More noticeably after excessive activity or overuse

This swelling often fluctuates—worsening after physical strain and subsiding with rest.

Stiffness

joint stiffness is another hallmark symptom of OA, often caused by inflammation and reduced joint lubrication.

  • Stiffness usually appears in the morning or after long periods of inactivity.

  • It generally improves within 30 minutes of movement.

  • As OA progresses, joints may feel harder to bend or straighten fully.

This stiffness can make everyday tasks—such as climbing stairs, typing, or dressing—feel more difficult and tiring.

Joint Changes

Over time, OA can cause visible and structural changes in your joints. The body tries to repair damaged tissue, but this process can lead to bone overgrowths known as osteophytes (bone spurs). These growths often appear in the fingers and can make joints look larger or misshapen.

As cartilage continues to erode:

  • The joint surface becomes rough, creating grinding or cracking sounds when moving.

  • Joints may feel loose or unstable.

  • Muscle weakness, especially in the legs or knees, may develop as mobility decreases.

These joint changes not only affect movement but can also alter posture, balance, and coordination.

When To Contact a Healthcare Provider

Mild, short-term joint pain can be common. However, persistent or recurring pain should not be ignored, as osteoarthritis tends to worsen gradually.

You should contact a healthcare provider if:

  • Joint symptoms last longer than three days

  • You have multiple flare-ups per month

  • Movement becomes difficult or painful

  • Pain interferes with daily activities such as walking, sleeping, or dressing

Seek immediate medical care if you experience:

  • Joints that are red, hot, or severely swollen

  • Fever or rash along with swelling

  • Severe back pain that appears suddenly or throbs intensely

Prompt evaluation can help your provider rule out other conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or infection, and start an effective management plan early.

Questions To Ask Your Provider

Preparing a few questions can help you make the most of your appointment:

  • What lifestyle changes can help reduce my joint pain?

  • How long before I notice improvement after starting treatment?

  • Should I consider physical therapy, medication, or both?

  • Could my osteoarthritis lead to long-term complications?

A Quick Review

Osteoarthritis occurs when joint tissues gradually deteriorate, leading to pain, stiffness, swelling, and structural changes in the joints. These symptoms often appear after inactivity or in the morning but tend to improve with gentle movement.

If your pain lasts for several days or limits your ability to function, talk to your healthcare provider. Early care and consistent management can help slow progression, relieve pain, and protect joint mobility for years to come.