Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint condition that occurs when cartilage — the tissue cushioning your bones — breaks down over time. This leads to pain, stiffness, and swelling, most commonly in the knees, hips, and hands.

Although OA cannot be cured, it can be effectively managed through a combination of lifestyle changes, medications, mind-body therapies, and surgical options. Treatment often involves a team of specialists including rheumatologists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and primary care providers.

Lifestyle Changes

Lifestyle adjustments are often the first step in treating osteoarthritis and can be as effective as pain medications in improving mobility and comfort.

stay physically active
Regular exercise strengthens muscles, increases flexibility, and reduces stiffness. Low-impact activities like walking, swimming, and water aerobics are excellent options. Strength training can also support your joints and improve balance.

maintain a healthy weight
Extra weight increases pressure on weight-bearing joints such as the knees and hips. Even a small amount of weight loss can significantly reduce pain and slow disease progression.

learn self-management skills
Educational and self-care programs teach people with OA how to manage their condition. These programs often focus on:

  • Setting achievable goals

  • Managing fatigue and stress

  • Using positive thinking to cope with pain

Such self-management practices help improve both physical and emotional well-being.

Mind-Body Therapies

Mind-body therapies focus on connecting mental relaxation with physical movement to reduce pain and stiffness.

tai chi and yoga
Tai chi has been shown to improve balance, flexibility, and knee function in people with osteoarthritis. Yoga can also help reduce stiffness and enhance joint movement, though more research is needed to confirm its full benefits.

benefits for mood and stability
These activities not only support physical health but can also improve mood, reduce anxiety, and lower the risk of falls.

Medications

While there are no drugs that can stop or reverse osteoarthritis, several medications can reduce pain and inflammation, helping you stay active.

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
NSAIDs are among the most commonly prescribed medications for OA. They relieve inflammation and reduce pain. These medications are available in both topical forms (creams and gels applied to the skin) and oral forms (pills).

Topical NSAIDs are often recommended for knee osteoarthritis because they target pain directly.
Common examples include:

  • Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)

  • Naproxen (Aleve)

  • Celecoxib (Celebrex)

  • Diclofenac (Voltaren Gel, Pennsaid)

NSAIDs should be used regularly as directed by your healthcare provider. Long-term use can increase risks of heart attack or stroke, so proper medical guidance is essential.

acetaminophen (tylenol)
Acetaminophen can relieve mild pain but does not reduce inflammation. It’s a good alternative for those who can’t tolerate NSAIDs.

injections
If medications aren’t effective, injections may offer relief for several weeks or months.

  • Corticosteroid injections (such as Kenalog or Zilretta) reduce inflammation in the joint.

  • Hyaluronic acid injections (such as Synvisc-One or Durolane) lubricate the joint and ease movement.

People with diabetes should note that corticosteroids may raise blood sugar levels. Always discuss your medical history with your provider before receiving injections.

Surgery

If symptoms don’t improve with lifestyle changes or medication, surgery may be an option. Surgery is usually recommended when osteoarthritis severely limits movement or quality of life.

osteotomy
This procedure involves cutting and reshaping the bones near a damaged joint to relieve pressure and improve alignment. It’s most commonly performed on the knee.

  • Femoral osteotomy targets the thigh bone above the kneecap.

  • Tibial osteotomy focuses on the shin bone below the knee.

arthroplasty (joint replacement)
In advanced cases, joint replacement surgery replaces damaged bone and cartilage with an artificial joint made of metal or plastic. Arthroplasty is most often done for the knee or hip and can greatly improve mobility and pain.

Recovery can take several months, but most people experience long-lasting relief after rehabilitation.

Prognosis

The impact of osteoarthritis varies depending on the joints affected and the severity of symptoms. For some, the condition progresses slowly; for others, it may cause more rapid joint deterioration.

Without treatment, OA can lead to severe pain, stiffness, and loss of mobility. However, consistent management can significantly reduce symptoms and help preserve daily function.

Living With Osteoarthritis

Living with osteoarthritis requires patience, adaptability, and consistent care. Following your treatment plan and staying proactive can help maintain your quality of life.

daily coping strategies

  • Use assistive devices like canes, jar openers, and reach tools for easier movement.

  • Install grab bars, raised toilet seats, or handrails to improve safety at home.

  • Alternate hot and cold therapy to reduce stiffness and inflammation.

  • Join support groups for emotional encouragement and practical advice.

regular communication with your healthcare team
Check in with your providers to adjust your plan as needed. Early intervention can slow progression and prevent complications.

Although OA is a lifelong condition, most people can manage it successfully with consistent care and healthy lifestyle habits.