What Is Ginkgo Biloba?

Ginkgo biloba is an herbal extract derived from the leaves of the ginkgo tree, one of the oldest living tree species in the world. This ancient remedy has been used for centuries in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to enhance memory, support brain function, and boost circulation.

Modern supplements often contain concentrated forms of active compounds found in the leaves, namely flavonoids and terpene lactones. These antioxidants are believed to help combat free radicals, support blood flow, and protect nerve cells. However, while promising, much of the current research is limited or inconclusive.

Let’s explore the most notable health benefits of ginkgo biloba that current research supports — along with important safety considerations.

1. Supports Memory and Brain Function

One of the most widely promoted benefits of ginkgo biloba is its potential to improve memory and cognitive function. Proponents often recommend it for people experiencing age-related cognitive decline, including early symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

Some clinical trials show that when ginkgo is combined with conventional Alzheimer's medications, it may enhance cognitive performance in individuals with mild symptoms. A review of 21 studies indicated that ginkgo biloba could help improve mental clarity and recall.

However, evidence is mixed. A larger meta-analysis found that ginkgo biloba had no significant effect on memory or executive function in healthy adults. Therefore, while it may offer some cognitive benefits for those with cognitive impairments, it’s not considered a proven nootropic for everyone.

2. May Protect Eye Health

Ginkgo’s antioxidant properties appear to have a positive effect on ocular health. The compounds in ginkgo biloba may help increase blood flow to the retina and optic nerve, potentially reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the eyes.

Some studies suggest that ginkgo may slow the progression of glaucoma — a condition that damages the optic nerve and can lead to vision loss. Likewise, early research hints at benefits for people with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a disease that causes deterioration of the central retina.

While results are promising, clinical evidence remains limited. Researchers emphasize the need for larger and more rigorous trials to confirm these visual health effects.

3. Reduces Anxiety and Depression Symptoms

Preliminary studies indicate that ginkgo biloba may reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, particularly in older adults or those recovering from a stroke.

For example, one small clinical trial found that participants taking 480 mg of ginkgo daily reported significantly lower anxiety levels compared to those on a placebo. Another study observed that combining ginkgo with antidepressants improved mood in elderly patients with post-stroke depression.

While researchers aren’t entirely sure how ginkgo achieves these effects, it’s thought to involve antioxidant activity that protects brain cells and modulates neurotransmitter levels. Still, more comprehensive studies are required before it can be recommended as a treatment for mental health conditions.

4. Helps Manage Blood Pressure

Ginkgo biloba may play a role in cardiovascular health by improving circulation and lowering blood pressure. Its ability to reduce platelet aggregation (blood clotting) could enhance vascular flexibility and flow.

A 2014 review reported that most clinical trials saw a reduction in blood pressure among participants taking ginkgo biloba. Another small study in 2018 found it to be just as effective as basic hypertension medication in managing arterial blood pressure.

However, study quality varied, and sample sizes were small. Thus, while initial findings are encouraging, ginkgo should not be used as a substitute for prescribed blood pressure treatments without medical consultation.

How to Use Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo biloba supplements come in several forms: capsules, tablets, liquid extracts, dried leaves, and herbal teas. Most people take it once or twice daily, typically with food to minimize gastrointestinal side effects.

Recommended Dosage:

  • Standard extract dosage: 120–160 mg per day

  • Divided dosing: 40 mg three times daily or 80 mg twice daily

There’s no universal dosing guideline, as the appropriate amount depends on age, sex, health status, and specific formulation. It’s crucial to follow product labels and consult with a healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen.

Note: Raw or roasted ginkgo seeds and raw leaves are toxic and should never be consumed.

Is Ginkgo Biloba Safe?

Ginkgo is generally considered safe for healthy adults when taken in moderate doses. However, it can increase bleeding risk, particularly for individuals with bleeding disorders or those taking blood-thinning medications.

Avoid Ginkgo If You:

  • Are pregnant (it may cause early labor or excessive bleeding during childbirth)

  • Are breastfeeding (safety has not been established)

  • Have a bleeding disorder or upcoming surgery

Some health organizations recommend stopping ginkgo at least two weeks before scheduled surgery due to potential bleeding risks.

Drug Interactions to Watch Out For

Ginkgo may interact with medications and other herbs that affect blood clotting or brain chemistry.

Common interactions:

  • Anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin)

  • Antiplatelet drugs (e.g., aspirin, cilostazol)

  • NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen)

  • Herbal supplements (e.g., garlic, ginseng, ginger)

  • MAO inhibitors (e.g., selegiline) — may increase serotonin levels dangerously

Always inform your healthcare provider of all supplements and medications you are using.

What to Look for in a Ginkgo Supplement

Since supplements are not regulated as strictly as pharmaceutical drugs, it’s essential to choose reputable products.

Key things to check on the label:

  • Amount of ginkgo biloba extract (from the leaf)

  • Concentration of active ingredients (ginkgo flavone glycosides and terpene lactones)

  • Absence of unnecessary fillers and additives

  • Third-party certification (e.g., NSF, USP, ConsumerLab)

Buying from trusted sources ensures that you're getting a pure and effective product free of contaminants.

Can You Take Too Much Ginkgo Biloba?

Yes, overconsumption of ginkgo can lead to side effects and toxicity. Research suggests that doses above 600 mg daily may increase the risk of adverse reactions.Ginkgo seeds and raw leaves are especially dangerous, as they contain ginkgotoxin, which interferes with vitamin B6 and can cause serious neurological symptoms.Reported cases of ginkgo poisoning, especially in children, have involved symptoms like vomiting, seizures, loss of consciousness, and breathing difficulties.

Possible Side Effects

Even at normal doses, ginkgo biloba can cause mild to moderate side effects in some people. These include:

  • Headache

  • Dizziness

  • Stomach upset

  • Constipation

  • Heart palpitations

  • Skin rash or allergic reaction

  • Excessive bleeding (in susceptible individuals)

Seek medical attention immediately if you suspect ginkgo poisoning or severe reactions.

Summary

Ginkgo biloba has shown potential in supporting memory, eye health, mood regulation, and circulation. However, the scientific evidence remains inconclusive for many of its claimed benefits.

When used responsibly and in the right dosage, ginkgo is considered safe for most people — but it's not suitable for everyone. Always speak with a healthcare provider before starting a new supplement, especially if you have a health condition or take medications.