Menstrual cups are gaining popularity as a sustainable and body-friendly alternative to pads and tampons. Shaped like a small, flexible funnel, they’re inserted into the vagina to collect menstrual blood. Unlike disposable products, they are reusable, typically made of medical-grade silicone, rubber, or latex, and can last for years with proper care.

In this guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know about menstrual cups, including how they work, who should use them, their advantages for both health and the environment, and what to consider when choosing one.

What Is a Menstrual Cup?

A menstrual cup is a soft, reusable product worn internally during menstruation. It works by collecting—rather than absorbing—menstrual blood. After several hours of wear, the user removes the cup, empties it, rinses it, and reinserts it.

Menstrual cups come in different sizes and shapes, usually with a rounded base and a short stem for removal. The material is flexible, allowing it to fold during insertion and expand to form a seal against the vaginal walls. Once in place, it creates a light suction that prevents leaks.

Who Can Use Menstrual Cups?

Most people who menstruate can safely and effectively use a menstrual cup. They are a good fit for:

  • Those with active lifestyles, including swimmers and athletes

  • Individuals looking for eco-conscious period products

  • People with sensitivities to pads or tampons

  • Those looking to reduce monthly expenses on menstrual products

However, individuals with certain conditions—like recently having given birth, vaginal prolapse, or using intrauterine devices (IUDs)—should consult a healthcare provider before trying one. A 2019 review indicated that menstrual cups are generally safe, though improper use could dislodge an IUD or cause other complications in rare cases.

Benefits of Using a Menstrual Cup

Personal Advantages

  1. Long-Term Savings
    Although the initial cost of a menstrual cup may be higher than that of a box of pads or tampons, it can be reused for years, significantly reducing ongoing costs.

  2. Leak Prevention
    When inserted correctly, the cup forms a seal that prevents leaks—even during physical activities or overnight use.

  3. Odor Control
    Because menstrual blood is sealed inside the body, it doesn’t come into contact with air, reducing the chance of unpleasant odors.

  4. Vaginal Health
    Unlike tampons, which may absorb natural vaginal moisture, cups do not interfere with the body’s pH or bacterial balance.

  5. Lower Risk of Irritation
    Menstrual cups are free of fragrances and chemicals that are sometimes found in disposable products. For people with sensitive skin, this can make a big difference.

  6. Reduced Risk of Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
    Although still possible, TSS is considered less common with cups than with tampons when used properly.

Environmental Benefits

  1. Waste Reduction
    A typical individual may use over 10,000 disposable menstrual products during their lifetime. Replacing these with a single cup that can last years significantly reduces landfill waste.

  2. Fewer Chemicals in Nature
    Many disposable products contain plastic and bleach-based materials that can take centuries to decompose. Menstrual cups, often made of medical-grade silicone, degrade back into silica—a naturally occurring, non-toxic compound.

  3. Lower Carbon Footprint
    Manufacturing and disposing of single-use products requires energy and water. A reusable alternative cuts down on this environmental toll.

How to Use a Menstrual Cup

Using a menstrual cup for the first time can feel intimidating, but most users adjust within a few cycles. Here's a general step-by-step guide for insertion and removal:

Insertion

  1. Wash Your Hands
    Always start by washing your hands with soap and water to prevent introducing bacteria into the vagina.

  2. Fold the Cup
    There are various folding techniques, such as the C-fold, punch-down fold, and 7-fold. Try different folds to see which one works best for you.

  3. Insert the Cup
    With the folded cup in hand, gently insert it into the vagina at an angle toward your lower back. Once inserted, the cup should unfold and create a seal.

  4. Check the Seal
    Gently rotate the base or tug slightly. If there is resistance, the cup has sealed properly. If it feels loose or you notice leaks, remove and try again.

Removal

  1. Wash Your Hands Again
    Hygiene is key before removal, especially since you'll be in contact with menstrual fluid.

  2. Pinch the Base
    This releases the suction. Avoid pulling directly by the stem, as this can be uncomfortable.

  3. Slowly Pull Out the Cup
    Keep the cup upright to avoid spillage. Empty the contents into the toilet or sink.

  4. Rinse and Reinsert or Store
    Rinse the cup with water and, if possible, a mild, unscented soap before reinserting or storing it in its designated pouch or container.

Most cups can be worn for up to 12 hours, depending on your flow. It’s typically recommended to empty the cup 2–4 times a day.

What to Consider Before Choosing a Menstrual Cup

1. Menstrual Flow

If you experience heavy periods, a larger-capacity cup may be necessary. Light-flow users may prefer a smaller size for comfort and ease of use.

2. Cervix Height

Your cervix position affects how a cup fits. People with a high cervix may need a longer cup, while those with a low cervix might prefer shorter, softer models.

3. Material Sensitivity

Most menstrual cups are made from silicone, which is hypoallergenic. However, if you’re allergic to silicone or latex, make sure to choose a cup made from compatible materials.

4. Firmness and Flexibility

Softer cups may be more comfortable for individuals with sensitive vaginal walls but can be harder to insert. Firmer cups tend to open more easily but may cause pressure in those with bladder sensitivity.

5. Lifestyle Needs

  • For travelers: Consider a collapsible or easily stored cup.

  • For athletes: A secure-fitting cup with firm suction may offer better leak protection.

  • For beginners: Look for a user-friendly design with grips or removal loops.

Challenges and Safety Considerations

Some individuals may face challenges when using a menstrual cup for the first time. These may include difficulty with insertion or removal, discomfort, or concerns about leakage. These issues typically resolve with practice and proper guidance.

There are also rare risks to consider:

  • TSS: While rare, toxic shock syndrome has been reported in association with cup use.

  • Vaginal Irritation: Improper cleaning or inserting a cup without lubrication may cause irritation.

  • Dislodged IUDs: There have been reports of menstrual cups interfering with intrauterine devices. Always consult your doctor if you use an IUD.

Make sure to sterilize the cup between cycles by boiling it in water for several minutes and storing it in a clean, dry container.

Final Thoughts

Menstrual cups offer a comfortable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective alternative to disposable products. While there may be a learning curve at first, the benefits—both personal and environmental—often outweigh the challenges.

As every body is different, it might take some experimentation to find the right size, shape, and firmness. With a bit of patience and practice, many users find menstrual cups to be a game-changer in menstrual care.

If you’re unsure about which type to choose or have a specific health condition, speak to a healthcare provider before making a decision. Ultimately, menstrual care should support your lifestyle, comfort, and wellbeing—whatever product you choose.