Yeast infections and urinary tract infections (UTIs) are two of the most common causes of discomfort in the vaginal and urinary areas — and while they can share some symptoms, they’re completely different conditions.

A yeast infection is caused by a fungus, while a UTI is caused by bacteria. Both are treatable, but knowing how to tell them apart ensures you get the right care quickly.

Here’s how to recognize the difference between a yeast infection and a UTI, what causes them, and how to treat or prevent both.

UTI vs. Vaginal Yeast Infection: What’s the Difference?

While both conditions can cause burning, irritation, and discomfort, they affect different parts of the body:

  • A UTI (urinary tract infection) affects the urinary system — the urethra, bladder, ureters, or kidneys.

  • A yeast infection affects the vagina and vulva, caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans.

As Dr. Felice Gersh, OB-GYN and founder of the Integrative Medical Group of Irvine, explains:

“They really are quite different, although you can have both at the same time.”

What Causes Each Infection?

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

About 80–90% of UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, which normally live in the intestines.3
These bacteria can travel from the anus to the urethra and then into the bladder, where they multiply and cause infection.

Common risk factors include:

  • Sex with a new or multiple partners

  • Menopause (due to hormonal changes)

  • Pregnancy

  • Diabetes or a weakened immune system

  • Using spermicides or diaphragms

  • Catheter use or recent urinary procedures

  • Kidney stones or urinary blockages

If left untreated, a UTI can spread to the kidneys, leading to serious complications.

Vaginal Yeast Infection

A yeast infection occurs when the natural balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina is disrupted.

The fungus Candida normally lives harmlessly in small amounts, but triggers like medications, hormones, or moisture can cause it to grow excessively.

Risk factors include:

  • Antibiotic use (which kills beneficial bacteria)

  • High estrogen levels (from pregnancy or hormonal birth control)

  • Diabetes (especially if blood sugar is uncontrolled)

  • Tight or damp clothing

  • High stress levels

  • Weakened immune system

Symptoms: Yeast Infection vs. UTI

UTI Symptoms

UTIs usually affect urination and the bladder area. You may experience:

  • Burning sensation while peeing

  • Frequent urge to urinate, even with an empty bladder

  • Cloudy, pink, or reddish urine

  • Pressure or cramping in the lower abdomen

  • Pain in the pelvic area or back (if the infection spreads)

Yeast Infection Symptoms

Yeast infections cause persistent irritation in the vaginal area, not just during urination. Symptoms include:

  • Itching and soreness around the vagina or vulva

  • Thick, white, “cottage cheese–like” discharge

  • Burning during sex or urination

  • Red, swollen vaginal tissue

  • Vaginal rash or small cracks in the skin

Key difference:
If you have burning only when you pee, it’s more likely a UTI.
If you have itching, thick discharge, and burning all the time, it’s likely a yeast infection.

Diagnosis: When To See a Doctor

Because symptoms can overlap, it’s best to see a healthcare provider for testing.

They may perform:

  • A urine test to check for bacteria (for UTIs)

  • A vaginal swab or microscopic exam (for yeast infections)

In some cases, you can have both infections simultaneously, requiring different treatments.

Treatment Options

UTI Treatment

UTIs are treated with antibiotics, typically for 3–5 days.
Common prescriptions include:

  • Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid)

  • Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

  • Fosfomycin

Important:
Always complete your full antibiotic course, even if symptoms improve early, to prevent recurrence.

If the infection spreads to your kidneys, you may need IV antibiotics followed by oral medication for 1–2 weeks.

Yeast Infection Treatment

Yeast infections are treated with antifungal medications, either topical or oral:

  • A single fluconazole (Diflucan) pill

  • Antifungal creams, suppositories, or ointments (such as miconazole or clotrimazole)

Symptoms usually improve within 2–3 days, though full healing can take up to a week.

For severe or recurrent infections, your doctor might recommend a longer antifungal course or investigate underlying conditions (like diabetes or hormonal imbalances).

Prevention Tips

There’s no foolproof way to avoid either infection, but small daily habits can lower your risk.

To Prevent UTIs:

  • Drink plenty of water

  • Pee before and after sex

  • Don’t hold your bladder for long periods

  • Wipe front to back after using the toilet

  • Avoid douches or scented hygiene products

  • Ask your provider about cranberry supplements (which may help reduce UTI risk)

To Prevent Yeast Infections:

  • Wear cotton underwear and loose-fitting clothes

  • Avoid staying in wet swimsuits or sweaty workout clothes

  • Don’t overuse antibiotics

  • Limit sugary foods (yeast thrives on sugar)

  • Keep the vaginal area clean and dry, but avoid harsh soaps or sprays

When To Seek Medical Care

Call your healthcare provider if you:

  • Have severe pelvic or back pain

  • Notice blood in your urine

  • Experience recurrent infections (more than 3 per year)

  • Are pregnant or have diabetes

  • Develop a fever or chills (signs of kidney infection)

Untreated UTIs can lead to kidney damage, and untreated yeast infections can cause severe itching, tearing, or spreading to other areas.

A Quick Review

  • Yeast infections are caused by fungal overgrowth (Candida) and lead to itching, thick discharge, and redness.

  • UTIs are caused by bacteria (E. coli) and cause burning urination, frequent urges, and cloudy or pink urine.

  • Both are treatable — antibiotics for UTIs, antifungals for yeast infections — but diagnosis by a doctor ensures proper treatment.

Maintaining good hygiene, staying hydrated, and wearing breathable clothing can go a long way in preventing both conditions.