Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a viral infection that results in a painful skin rash. It is caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the same virus responsible for chickenpox. After an individual recovers from chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in the body and can later reactivate as shingles, often years later. While shingles can affect anyone who has had chickenpox, certain factors can increase the likelihood of developing this condition.

Is Shingles Hereditary?

It is still unclear whether shingles is directly hereditary, but there are indications that family history may influence the risk of developing the condition. Studies suggest that individuals with a parent or sibling who has had shingles may have a higher risk of contracting it themselves. In one study, people who reported a family history of shingles were more likely to develop the infection compared to those with no such history. Researchers have also identified certain gene variations that may affect a person's susceptibility to shingles, though more research is needed to confirm these genetic links.

Who Gets Shingles?

Anyone who has had chickenpox or the chickenpox vaccine can potentially develop shingles later in life. The infection tends to occur more frequently in older adults, particularly those over the age of 50. It is estimated that about one in three people will develop shingles at some point in their lives. The risk increases with age, with up to 50% of people aged 60 and older experiencing shingles.

Other factors that can increase the likelihood of developing shingles include:

  • Age: The risk of shingles increases with age, particularly after the age of 50. Around half of all cases occur in people over 60.
  • Ethnicity: Some studies suggest that shingles is more common among individuals of non-Hispanic White ancestry.
  • Sex: Shingles is more common in females, making up nearly 60% of all cases.
  • Weakened immune system: Those with a compromised immune system, including people with HIV, cancer, or those undergoing treatments like chemotherapy or radiation, are at higher risk.

How Is Shingles Spread?

Shingles itself is not spread from person to person in the same way that chickenpox is, but the varicella-zoster virus can be transmitted through direct contact with the rash or fluid from the blisters of someone with shingles. This is most dangerous to individuals who have never had chickenpox or the chickenpox vaccine, as they could contract chickenpox from exposure to the virus.

It's essential to cover the rash and avoid close contact with vulnerable individuals such as:

  • Those with weakened immune systems
  • Infants younger than 12 months
  • Pregnant people who have not had chickenpox

Risk Factors for Shingles

Several factors increase the risk of developing shingles:

  • Age: Older adults are more likely to experience shingles, particularly those over the age of 50.
  • Immune system suppression: Conditions like cancer, HIV, and treatments that suppress the immune system, such as chemotherapy, increase the likelihood of developing shingles.
  • Diabetes: People with diabetes are at a slightly higher risk for shingles due to immune system challenges.
  • Stress and physical trauma: High levels of stress or recent physical trauma, such as injury, can trigger the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus.
  • Other health conditions: People with certain chronic conditions like autoimmune diseases or those undergoing treatments that weaken the immune system are at greater risk.

Symptoms of Shingles

Shingles typically presents with a painful skin rash that usually appears on one side of the body or face. Before the rash appears, individuals may experience pain, tingling, or itching in a specific area. The rash progresses to blisters that scab over in 7-10 days. The common symptoms of shingles include:

  • Pain, burning, or tingling sensation in a localized area
  • Red rash that may blister and scab over
  • Fever and chills
  • Headache and fatigue
  • Sensitivity to light
  • Nausea or vomiting

In some cases, shingles can lead to postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), a condition where nerve pain persists in the area where the rash once appeared, even after the rash has healed. This pain can be severe and long-lasting.

Shingles Vaccine

The CDC recommends the shingles vaccine, Shingrix, for adults aged 50 and older and those aged 19 and older with weakened immune systems. This vaccine is administered in two doses, spaced 2 to 6 months apart. It is highly effective at preventing shingles and its complications, including postherpetic neuralgia.

Treatment for Shingles

While shingles typically resolves on its own in a few weeks, antiviral medications like acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir can help speed up recovery and reduce the severity of symptoms if taken early in the course of the infection. Pain relief medications, such as over-the-counter pain relievers or prescription medications for nerve pain, can help manage discomfort. For severe cases, particularly those with complications like PHN, more intensive treatments may be needed.

A Quick Review

Shingles is a painful viral infection caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus. It typically affects people who have had chickenpox earlier in life, especially those over the age of 50 or individuals with weakened immune systems. The infection can lead to complications like postherpetic neuralgia, making early treatment crucial. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent shingles, and antiviral medications can help manage symptoms if caught early.

If you suspect you have shingles, it’s important to seek medical advice promptly, especially if you are at a higher risk or if you experience severe symptoms.