A cervical biopsy is a diagnostic procedure used to check for cervical cancer or changes in cervical cells that might lead to cancer. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the upper part of the vagina. A healthcare provider may recommend a cervical biopsy when a Pap smear shows abnormal results. Typically, the procedure is performed by a gynecologist.

Purpose

The main purpose of a cervical biopsy is to detect cervical cancer, which often develops slowly from abnormal changes in cervical cells. Not all abnormal cells become cancerous, but some may progress into a precancerous stage known as dysplasia. Over time, untreated dysplasia may develop into cervical cancer. Most cervical cancers are caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV).

Before recommending a cervical biopsy, a provider will usually perform a Pap smear and HPV test during a routine pelvic exam. If results are normal, no further testing is needed. However, a cervical biopsy may be necessary in the following situations:

  • Abnormal Pap smear results

  • A positive HPV test

  • Presence of a growth or lesion on the cervix

  • Genital warts

  • Cervical inflammation or irritation

  • Bleeding after intercourse

  • Unexplained or heavy vaginal bleeding

  • Ongoing abnormal vaginal discharge

How Does It Work?

A cervical biopsy is usually done in a healthcare provider’s office. During the appointment, the patient lies on an exam table while the provider uses a colposcope—a special magnifying device—to closely examine the cervix under a bright light. The entire procedure typically takes around 10 minutes and causes only mild discomfort.

Before the Test

There is no special preparation required. However, it’s best to schedule the test when you’re not menstruating, as blood can obscure the view of the cervix. If your menstrual cycle is irregular, check with your provider to find the most suitable time.

If you are pregnant or think you might be, inform your provider. Although the test can be performed safely during pregnancy, in some cases it may be postponed.

During the Test

You’ll lie on an exam table with your feet placed in stirrups, similar to a routine pelvic exam. A speculum is inserted into the vagina to allow the provider to see the cervix.

To enhance visibility, the cervix is cleaned with an acetic acid solution, which may cause a cold or slightly stinging sensation. This solution helps highlight abnormal areas on the cervix.

The colposcope is then positioned outside the vaginal opening to provide a magnified view. If any abnormal tissue is visible, your provider may take a photo and then use a small instrument to remove a sample of tissue. Most people experience a brief pinch or cramping sensation when the biopsy is taken.

Any minor bleeding from the site will be addressed immediately, and the test is then complete.

After the Test

The tissue sample is sent to a laboratory, where a pathologist examines it under a microscope to detect any precancerous or cancerous cells. Results are usually available within one to two weeks.

Most people can resume normal activities shortly after the procedure. Some may experience lightheadedness, nausea, or dizziness. If these symptoms occur, your provider may ask you to rest before leaving the clinic.

You may notice:

  • Light vaginal bleeding or spotting for a few days

  • A dark-colored vaginal discharge for up to three days

  • Mild cramping or soreness

These are normal and should resolve on their own. Contact your provider if symptoms persist or worsen, as this may indicate an infection.

Avoid inserting anything into the vagina for at least 48 hours after the test. This includes tampons, menstrual cups, and sexual activity. Use pads during your period instead of tampons until healing is complete.

Risks and Precautions

Cervical biopsy is a generally safe procedure with few risks. Mild cramping, discomfort, or light bleeding afterward is normal.

However, contact your provider right away if you experience:

  • Heavy vaginal bleeding

  • Severe abdominal pain or cramping

  • Foul-smelling discharge

  • Fever or chills

If you are pregnant or trying to conceive, inform your provider in advance. While the test can be done during pregnancy, it is only recommended if cancer is strongly suspected.

How to Prepare for a Cervical Biopsy

Proper preparation can make the experience more comfortable and ensure accurate results. Consider the following tips:

  • Avoid sex or inserting anything into the vagina for 24 hours before the test

  • Inform your provider if you're taking blood-thinning medications

  • Ask whether it’s safe to take a pain reliever such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen beforehand

  • Empty your bladder and bowel before the exam

  • Bring a support person with you if you're feeling anxious about the test

Results

After the sample is analyzed, your provider will contact you to discuss the results in a follow-up appointment or phone call.

Interpreting your results

A normal result means no precancerous or cancerous cells were found.

An abnormal result may indicate:

  • Precancerous cell changes

  • Cervical warts caused by HPV

  • Presence of cancer cells

If the results show precancerous changes, your provider may recommend further testing or treatment to prevent progression. If cancer is detected, you’ll be referred to an oncologist for evaluation and treatment planning.

A Quick Review

A cervical biopsy is a test that checks for cervical cancer or precancerous changes when previous screening results are abnormal. The test involves closely examining the cervix and collecting a small tissue sample for analysis. While the procedure is generally quick and well tolerated, following aftercare instructions and monitoring symptoms are important. The results help guide further care, whether it’s monitoring, preventive treatment, or cancer therapy.