Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among individuals with a cervix in the United States. More than 90% of cases are linked to human papillomavirus (HPV), a widespread sexually transmitted infection.

When detected early, cervical cancer is highly treatable. Treatment is provided by gynecologists and oncologists, with the goal of achieving remission—when all signs and symptoms of cancer are no longer present.

Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. These methods are often used in combination and may also be used to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life in more advanced cases.

Treatments by Stage

Cervical cancer is categorized from stage 0 through stage IV. The stage depends on tumor size and how far the cancer has spread. Each stage has specific treatment options.

Stage 0

This stage, also known as carcinoma in situ, involves abnormal or precancerous cells in the cervix. These are typically detected during a routine Pap smear.

Common treatment methods include:

  • Cryosurgery (freezing abnormal cells)

  • Laser surgery

  • Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)

  • Cold knife conization (removing a cone-shaped portion of cervical tissue)

These procedures aim to remove abnormal cells before they become cancerous. Tissue removed during these procedures is usually sent to a lab for further examination.

Stage I

In this stage, cancer is still limited to the cervix. Tumors are usually small but can sometimes be seen during a pelvic exam.

Treatment options may include:

  • Cold knife conization

  • Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus and cervix, and possibly ovaries and fallopian tubes)

  • Pelvic lymph node removal

  • Radiation therapy

  • Chemotherapy

Radiation and chemotherapy are often combined. Radiation may be external or internal, depending on the cancer's location and size. Talk to your healthcare provider about possible side effects and how to manage them.

Stage II

Cancer has spread beyond the cervix but has not reached the pelvic wall or lower vagina. Treatment typically includes a combination of radiation and chemotherapy.

You may also be eligible for clinical trials, which explore new treatment methods. Talk to your provider about trial availability and eligibility.

Stage III

At this stage, cancer has reached the lower vagina or pelvic wall and may affect kidney function. Lymph node involvement is also common.

Treatment is generally similar to stage II and may also involve participation in clinical trials.

Stage IV

This is the most advanced stage. Cancer may spread to the bladder, rectum, lungs, or other organs.

Treatment options may include:

  • Immunotherapy (e.g., using targeted drugs to support the immune system)

  • Pelvic exenteration (surgical removal of affected pelvic organs)

  • Radiation or chemotherapy for palliative care (to ease symptoms and improve quality of life)

Prognosis and Life Expectancy

Survival rates for cervical cancer depend heavily on the stage at diagnosis:

  • Around 91% for early-stage cervical cancer

  • Approximately 60% when cancer spreads to nearby areas or lymph nodes

  • Roughly 19% when it spreads beyond the pelvis

Other important factors that influence outcomes include your age, general health, immune system strength, and the presence of other conditions such as HIV.

Every patient is different. Your care team can help you understand what to expect based on your individual situation.

Living With and Managing Cervical Cancer

Coping with a cervical cancer diagnosis can be emotionally and physically challenging. Resources such as the National Cervical Cancer Coalition and the American Cancer Society can provide valuable support.

Mental health is also an essential part of cancer care. Many people with cervical cancer experience anxiety or depression during treatment.

You can take steps to support your emotional and physical well-being:

  • Talk with a mental health professional

  • Share your concerns with your care team

  • Prioritize sleep and nutrition

  • Engage in relaxing or joyful activities

  • Spend time with family and friends

If you're considering complementary or alternative therapies, always consult your doctor first. Your care team can guide you toward safe and effective options.