A vaginal yeast infection, also called vaginal candidiasis, happens when a type of fungus overgrows in the vagina, leading to discomfort such as itching, soreness, and unusual discharge. It is the second most common vaginal infection after bacterial infections, with about 1.4 million people seeking treatment each year.

Although they can be uncomfortable, yeast infections are generally easy to diagnose and treat. Most symptoms improve within a few days of starting medication, but recurring infections might need longer management.

Recognizing Symptoms of a Vaginal Yeast Infection

Typical signs include itching, irritation, and soreness around the vagina and vulva. Some individuals also experience vaginal discharge, which may be thick and white, similar to cottage cheese, or more watery.

Activities like urination or sexual intercourse might increase discomfort. In more severe cases, redness, swelling, and even cracking of the vaginal skin can occur. Since these symptoms can resemble other conditions like bacterial vaginosis or sexually transmitted infections (STIs), it is important to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis.

Common Causes and Risk Factors

Vaginal yeast infections occur when Candida albicans, a naturally present fungus, grows excessively. Factors that can trigger this overgrowth include:

  • Pregnancy

  • Diabetes

  • Antibiotic use

  • Hormonal birth control

  • Stress and poor sleep

  • Scented tampons or douching

  • Contraceptive devices like sponges, diaphragms, or IUDs

  • Weakened immune system (due to conditions like HIV or treatments like chemotherapy)

How Yeast Infections Are Diagnosed

Healthcare providers usually diagnose yeast infections based on symptom discussions and a physical examination. They may collect a sample of vaginal discharge to confirm the presence of yeast. In cases of frequent or severe infections, further tests might be necessary to identify underlying issues.

Self-diagnosing is not recommended, as treating the wrong condition could worsen symptoms and delay proper care.

Treatment Options for Vaginal Yeast Infections

Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, either as vaginal creams, suppositories, or oral pills like fluconazole. Short treatments can last one to six days, while recurrent infections may require extended courses over several months.

Most individuals feel relief within a few days of starting treatment. If symptoms persist, it’s important to follow up with a healthcare provider.

Preventing Vaginal Yeast Infections

To lower the risk of infections:

  • Avoid using scented products in the vaginal area.

  • Refrain from douching.

  • Change out of wet clothing promptly.

  • Manage blood sugar levels if diabetic.

  • Take prescribed antibiotics only when necessary and discuss preventive antifungal options with your doctor if you are prone to infections.

Tight or synthetic clothing may contribute to infections, although more research is needed.

Related Health Conditions

Frequent yeast infections might indicate other health concerns like diabetes or HIV. Poorly controlled diabetes and medications like SGLT2 inhibitors can raise the risk. A weakened immune system also makes it harder for the body to prevent fungal overgrowth.

Managing these underlying conditions can help reduce the recurrence of yeast infections.

In Summary

Vaginal yeast infections are common and usually treatable. They can cause discomfort but often respond quickly to antifungal treatments. Identifying possible triggers such as medication use, health conditions, or lifestyle factors can help prevent future infections. Always seek medical advice if symptoms persist or recur frequently.