The common cold is a viral infection that primarily impacts the upper respiratory system—your nose and throat. It’s one of the most frequently occurring illnesses across the globe, affecting millions of people every year.

In the United States alone, adults experience two to three colds annually, while children may catch even more. Although a cold can cause discomfort and disruption, it’s typically mild and resolves on its own within a short period.

Typical Symptoms of the Common Cold

Symptoms can vary based on the specific virus involved and your immune response, but common signs include:

  • Runny or stuffy nose

  • Sneezing

  • Sore or scratchy throat

  • Coughing

  • Nasal congestion

  • Watery or itchy eyes

Other, less frequent symptoms might include:

  • Mild fever

  • Headaches

  • Muscle aches

  • Fatigue or tiredness

  • Chills

  • Loss of appetite

  • Postnasal drip

What Causes a Cold?

The common cold can be caused by over 200 different viruses, with rhinoviruses being the most common culprits. These viruses are easily spread from person to person, either through direct contact or by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your face—especially the eyes, nose, or mouth.

Once the virus enters your body, it binds to cells in your respiratory tract and begins multiplying. Your immune system then responds to the invasion, producing the familiar symptoms of a cold.

Who’s at Risk and When?

Colds can occur year-round but are more common in the colder months, particularly during winter and spring. Children are especially vulnerable, often catching more colds per year than adults, partly due to close contact in schools and underdeveloped immune systems.

Diagnosing the Common Cold

There are no specific lab tests for diagnosing a cold. Typically, healthcare providers identify it based on symptoms and a physical exam.

If symptoms come on slowly and include no high fever or extreme fatigue, it’s likely a cold rather than flu or COVID-19. However, if your symptoms are severe or persist beyond the usual timeframe, your provider may test for other infections to rule them out—especially if you're in a high-risk group (older adults, pregnant people, or those with chronic conditions).

How to Treat a Cold

There is no cure for the common cold, so treatment focuses on symptom relief while your body clears the virus. Some helpful strategies include:

  • Over-the-counter medications to relieve congestion, coughing, or sore throat

  • Pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen for headaches or body aches

  • Warm saltwater gargles to soothe a sore throat

  • Nasal sprays to ease breathing

  • Plenty of rest to allow your immune system to recover

  • Staying hydrated with water, herbal tea, or broth

It’s important to note that antibiotics won’t help with a cold, as they only treat bacterial infections—not viruses.

Tips for Preventing the Common Cold

While it’s hard to completely avoid catching a cold, you can lower your risk by practicing healthy habits:

  • Wash your hands regularly with soap and water

  • Use hand sanitizer when washing isn’t possible

  • Avoid sharing drinks or utensils with someone who’s sick

  • Clean high-touch surfaces like doorknobs and phones

  • Eat a nutritious diet and stay active

  • Get enough rest and manage stress

  • Don’t smoke, as it can weaken your respiratory defenses

If you are sick, try to stay home and limit close contact to prevent spreading the virus.

Complications and Related Conditions

Most people recover from a cold without complications. However, if you have a weakened immune system, asthma, or another respiratory condition, a cold can sometimes lead to more serious issues, such as:

  • Bronchitis

  • Sinus infections

  • Ear infections

  • Pneumonia in severe cases

Children with asthma may also experience worsening symptoms when they catch a cold.

What to Expect During a Cold

A cold typically follows this pattern:

  • Incubation: After exposure, it takes 2–3 days for symptoms to appear. This is when the virus starts multiplying in your body.

  • Symptom onset: You may notice a sore throat first, followed by nasal symptoms and a cough. You’re contagious at this stage.

  • Recovery: Most colds improve within 7–10 days, but mild symptoms can linger for up to three weeks in some cases.

When to Seek Medical Advice

Contact your healthcare provider if:

  • Symptoms last more than 10 days

  • You develop shortness of breath

  • You have a high fever that doesn’t go away

  • You experience severe sinus pain, chest pain, or ear pain

These could indicate a more serious condition or a secondary infection.