If you’ve noticed your cat persistently licking its rear, scooting across the floor, or avoiding the litter box, they may be dealing with an uncomfortable but often overlooked issue—anal gland problems. These small, fluid-filled sacs located near the anus can sometimes become clogged, infected, or impacted, leading to pain, inflammation, and behavioral changes in your pet. Though anal gland issues are more frequently associated with dogs, cats can also suffer from them.

This article explores the function of anal glands, signs of trouble, causes, available treatments, and preventative measures to help keep your feline companion healthy and comfortable.

What Are Anal Glands in Cats?

Anal glands, also known as anal sacs, are two small glands located just below and to either side of a cat’s anus—approximately at the four o'clock and eight o'clock positions. These glands normally secrete a strong-smelling fluid during defecation. The fluid is believed to serve as a form of territorial marking or communication between cats.

Under normal conditions, the act of passing firm stool naturally empties the anal glands. However, when these glands are not expressed properly, the fluid inside can accumulate, thicken, and eventually cause discomfort or even lead to infection.

Recognizing the Signs of Anal Gland Problems

While some signs of anal gland issues in cats may be subtle, there are several behaviors and symptoms to watch out for:

  • Excessive licking or biting around the rear area

  • Scooting or dragging the rear across the floor

  • Foul or fishy odor near the anus

  • Swelling or redness around the anus

  • Reluctance to sit, or difficulty defecating

  • Crying out, hiding, or avoiding the litter box

Cats tend to mask discomfort, so changes in behavior such as withdrawal or vocalization during bathroom visits can indicate that something is wrong.

What Causes Anal Gland Problems in Cats?

Several factors can contribute to dysfunction in the anal glands:

1. Soft Stool or Diarrhea

Firm stool plays a crucial role in helping express anal gland fluid during defecation. When a cat consistently produces soft or loose stools, this natural pressure is lacking, and the glands may not empty properly.

2. Constipation

Just as loose stool can cause problems, constipation may lead to underuse of the anal glands. If your cat is not defecating regularly, the fluid inside the glands can accumulate and harden over time.

3. Gland Blockage

The tiny openings that release fluid can become blocked by dried material, debris, or inflamed tissue. When these ducts are obstructed, pressure builds up, causing pain and sometimes infection.

4. Infections

If the fluid remains in the glands too long, bacteria can multiply and lead to infection. This can cause swelling, pus discharge, and even abscesses that may rupture and form draining tracts.

5. Obesity or Poor Muscle Tone

Cats that are overweight or have weakened muscles around the anus may struggle to express their glands naturally.

6. Tumors or Growths

Though rare, tumors in or near the anal glands can interfere with normal drainage. Any persistent issue that doesn't resolve with typical treatment may require further investigation to rule out more serious causes.

Treatment Options for Cat Anal Gland Problems

The approach to treatment depends on the severity of the issue and how early it is detected.

1. Manual Expression

If your cat is showing signs of discomfort and the issue is caught early, a veterinarian can manually express the glands by gently squeezing them to release the fluid. This is a delicate procedure best left to trained professionals to avoid injury or further inflammation.

2. Antibiotics for Infections

If the glands become infected, your vet may prescribe a course of antibiotics. This could be in oral form or as a topical treatment, depending on the extent of the infection.

3. Flushing the Glands

In cases where the glands are severely impacted or abscessed, your vet may need to flush them with a sterile solution. This is often done under sedation or anesthesia to minimize stress and pain.

4. Surgical Removal

For cats who suffer from chronic, recurring infections or impactions, surgical removal of the anal glands (anal sacculectomy) may be recommended. While this is a more invasive procedure with a longer recovery time, it can offer permanent relief and prevent future issues.

Recovery and Aftercare

If your cat has undergone treatment for anal gland issues—whether it's expression, flushing, or surgery—post-treatment care is essential for healing:

  • Keep the area clean and free from debris. Your vet may provide antiseptic wipes or solutions.

  • Prevent your cat from licking the area. Use a recovery cone (e-collar) if necessary.

  • Administer all medications as prescribed, including antibiotics or pain relief.

  • Watch for signs of complications, such as continued swelling, pus, or reluctance to eat.

Can Anal Gland Issues Be Prevented?

Although some cases are unavoidable, certain habits and care routines can reduce the likelihood of anal gland problems.

1. Promote Healthy Bowel Movements

Feed your cat a balanced, high-fiber diet to encourage firm, regular stools. Commercial cat foods designed to support digestive health may be beneficial. Some cats may also benefit from fiber supplements, but only under the guidance of a veterinarian.

2. Monitor Weight

Maintaining a healthy weight helps keep muscles around the anus strong and effective at expressing the glands naturally.

3. Stay Alert to Stool Changes

Keep an eye on your cat’s stool consistency and frequency. Diarrhea that lasts longer than a couple of days, or chronic constipation, can put your cat at risk of anal gland issues.

4. Routine Vet Visits

Regular check-ups can catch early signs of problems, even if your cat is not yet showing symptoms. Your vet can express the glands during an examination if needed.

Knowing What’s Normal for Your Cat

Perhaps the most valuable prevention tool is your familiarity with your cat’s typical behaviors. Subtle changes—such as avoiding the litter box, becoming unusually vocal, or showing disinterest in food—can be early signs of discomfort. By knowing what’s normal, you can catch abnormalities early and act swiftly.

Final Thoughts

Anal gland problems in cats are uncomfortable but treatable. With timely attention, appropriate care, and a bit of vigilance, most cases can be managed effectively without lasting complications. Always consult your veterinarian if your cat shows signs of distress, as early treatment is key to preventing more serious outcomes.

While these glands may be small, the discomfort they cause when something goes wrong can be significant. Knowing the signs and how to respond is an important part of responsible cat ownership.