Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of inherited blood disorders that affect the shape and function of red blood cells. Instead of being round and flexible, red blood cells with SCD become stiff and crescent-shaped. This irregular shape can block normal blood flow, reduce oxygen delivery, and lead to a wide range of symptoms.

SCD often causes anemia, pain, fatigue, jaundice, infections, and swelling in the hands and feet. In more severe cases, complications such as high fever, vision problems, or organ damage can occur.

Globally, about 20 million people live with sickle cell disease. Those who inherit the gene from both parents will develop the condition, while people who inherit the gene from only one parent carry the sickle cell trait and usually do not develop symptoms. Recognizing the signs is essential for early diagnosis and treatment.

Common Symptoms

Most people with SCD are born with the disease, but symptoms do not usually appear until an infant is around five to six months old. The severity varies from person to person—some may have mild symptoms, while others experience serious complications that require hospitalization.

anemia: Red blood cells break down too quickly, leading to a shortage in the body. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.

pain: Stiff, sickle-shaped cells block small blood vessels, causing chronic or recurring pain in the abdomen, bones, and joints.

jaundice: Rapid breakdown of red blood cells can result in yellowing of the skin and eyes.

infections: Damaged spleen function increases the risk of serious infections such as meningitis, septicemia, and bone infections.

edema: Painful swelling of the hands and feet is another early sign of SCD.

Severe Symptoms

Sickle cell disease may lead to life-threatening complications at any age.

high fever: A fever of 101.3°F (38.5°C) or higher can be an early sign of infection or other severe issues and requires immediate care.

acute chest syndrome: Blockages in the lungs mimic pneumonia, with symptoms like chest pain, breathing difficulty, and cough.

spleen sequestration: The spleen can become enlarged and filled with blood, especially in children, leading to pain and anemia.

priapism: Prolonged and painful erections in males occur when sickled cells block blood vessels in the penis.

stroke: Interrupted blood flow to the brain increases the risk of stroke.

avascular necrosis: Restricted blood supply can cause bone tissue death, leading to joint pain and stiffness.

vision problems: Blocked vessels in the eyes may cause blurred vision, floaters, or even blindness.

organ damage: Reduced blood flow can lead to heart, kidney, or lung failure in severe cases.

Symptoms In Children

Each year, approximately 275,000 children are born with SCD. While many symptoms are similar to adults, children often show additional signs.

slow growth and delayed puberty: Developmental delays are common due to low oxygen supply.

irritability and persistent crying: These may signal pain or discomfort caused by sickled cells.

swelling in hands and feet: Painful swelling (dactylitis) is often one of the first noticeable symptoms.

Children may also face severe complications such as acute chest syndrome, spleen sequestration, and stroke.

When To Contact A Healthcare Provider

If you or your child have SCD or carry the sickle cell trait, it’s important to seek regular medical care. Infants born with SCD should see a healthcare provider before eight weeks of age for early management.

urgent symptoms requiring immediate care include:

  • Chest tightness or difficulty breathing

  • Fever above 101°F (38.5°C)

  • Abdominal swelling

  • Sudden weakness or loss of movement

  • Seizures

  • Severe body aches

Prompt medical attention can reduce the risk of serious complications and improve outcomes.

A Quick Review

Sickle cell disease is an inherited condition caused by mutations in hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells. Symptoms can range from mild fatigue and pain to severe, life-threatening complications such as stroke, acute chest syndrome, or organ damage.

Recognizing the early signs and seeking prompt medical care can make a significant difference in managing the disease and improving quality of life.