An ear infection happens when bacteria, viruses, or fungi become trapped inside the ear, causing inflammation and fluid buildup. This condition can affect different parts of the ear, including the outer ear and the more commonly affected middle ear (otitis media).
Symptoms of ear infections vary depending on the part of the ear involved. Typical signs include ear pain, hearing issues, fluid drainage, and a sensation of fullness or pressure in the ear. In some individuals, symptoms can appear suddenly and severely, while in others, they may develop more gradually.
Middle Ear Infection Symptoms
A middle ear infection, also known as otitis media, arises when bacteria or viruses enter the area behind the eardrum. This leads to inflammation and the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear.
ear pain
Discomfort can range from mild to sharp and severe. Lying down or experiencing altitude changes (such as during air travel) may intensify the pain.
ear discharge
Fluid or pus may drain from the ear due to the buildup inside. The discharge may be yellow or clear and can have an unpleasant odor.
hearing difficulties
The presence of fluid in the middle ear can disrupt normal sound processing, causing muffled hearing or difficulty hearing in the affected ear.
ear fullness or pressure
There may be a sensation of pressure or fullness, often described as similar to the feeling of being underwater.
fever
Fever is a common response by the body when fighting infection, particularly in children.
Outer Ear Infection Symptoms
An outer ear infection—commonly referred to as otitis externa or swimmer’s ear—occurs when the ear canal becomes inflamed. This often results from water trapped in the ear canal, creating an environment where bacteria can thrive.
ear pain
Pain or tenderness often increases when touching or pulling the earlobe or the small flap in front of the ear canal.
itching and irritation
Persistent itching inside the ear canal is a frequent symptom.
redness and swelling
The ear canal may appear red and swollen. On light skin, the redness is more apparent, while on darker skin tones, the ear may appear dark red or brown. This area often feels tender to the touch.
discharge
Pus or clear fluid may leak from the infected ear.
ear blockage or fullness
Swelling may cause a feeling of blockage or fullness, affecting hearing clarity.
Symptoms in Children
Ear infections are especially common in infants and young children. In fact, most children experience at least one ear infection by age three.
Children may not always express what they’re feeling, so in addition to typical symptoms, you may notice:
tugging at the ear
increased fussiness or irritability
fever
sleep disturbances
nausea or vomiting
loss of appetite
fatigue or low energy
balance problems or clumsiness
hearing issues, such as not reacting to sounds
When to See a Healthcare Provider
Many ear infections improve within two to three days and can be managed at home using over-the-counter pain relievers and rest.
However, it's important to seek medical advice if you experience:
ear pain that persists for more than 48 hours
ongoing hearing problems
a high fever
discharge containing pus or blood
Seek immediate medical attention if any of the following occur:
sudden, intense ear pain or vertigo
significant hearing loss in one or both ears
facial weakness or paralysis
neck stiffness
severe headaches
When in doubt, consult a healthcare provider. They can perform a physical examination, offer a diagnosis, and recommend the appropriate treatment plan.
A Quick Review
Ear infections may affect either the outer or middle ear, each with distinct symptoms. Middle ear infections often lead to pain, drainage, and hearing issues, while outer ear infections usually cause itching, redness, and muffled hearing.
Children may not verbalize pain, so parents should look for signs like ear tugging, fussiness, and sleep disturbances.
Although many cases can be treated at home, symptoms like persistent pain, fever, hearing loss, or facial paralysis require prompt medical evaluation. Early care ensures better outcomes and prevents complications.
