Overview

Testosterone is a hormone primarily associated with male health, though it also plays important roles in female bodies. In men, low testosterone levels can lead to erectile dysfunction, reduced muscle and bone mass, low energy, and mood changes. In women, symptoms may include irregular periods, reduced libido, and anemia.

This article outlines the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of low testosterone, along with natural ways to improve hormone levels.

Symptoms of Low Testosterone

In General

Low testosterone can result in:

  • Reduced muscle mass

  • Decreased bone density (higher risk of fractures)

  • Lower libido or sex drive

  • Fatigue or low energy levels

  • Increased body fat, sometimes with gynecomastia (enlarged breast tissue)

  • Hair loss

  • Mood changes, including irritability or depression

  • Difficulty sleeping

In Males

Additional symptoms may include:

  • Erectile dysfunction (difficulty achieving or maintaining erections)

  • Smaller testicle size (not related to cold temperatures)

  • Reduced semen volume (which may impact fertility)

  • Poor sleep or sleep disturbances (commonly associated with sleep apnea)

  • Emotional symptoms such as low motivation or trouble focusing

In Females

Females with low testosterone may experience:

  • Irregular menstrual cycles

  • Low libido

  • Anemia (due to reduced red blood cell production)

  • General fatigue or weakness

Common Causes of Low Testosterone

Testosterone levels naturally decline with age, but some younger individuals may experience low levels due to:

In Males

  • Testicular injury, trauma, or infection

  • Genetic disorders (e.g., Klinefelter syndrome)

  • Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation

  • Pituitary gland dysfunction

  • Use of opioids or steroids

  • Excessive alcohol or drug use

In Females

  • Adrenal gland disorders

  • Surgical removal of ovaries

  • Hormone therapy (e.g., estrogen)

When to See a Doctor

Low testosterone may not always present clear symptoms. Routine blood work may reveal low levels even if you feel fine. However, if you experience any of the listed symptoms—especially related to mood, sexual health, or fatigue—it’s advisable to seek medical advice.

Diagnosis

A healthcare provider will:

  • Perform a physical exam

  • Evaluate symptoms

  • Order a blood test (typically in the morning) to measure total testosterone

A level below 300 ng/dL is considered low by the American Urological Association.

Additional tests such as bone density scans or hormone panels may be ordered depending on symptoms.

Medical Treatment Options

Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT)

TRT is prescribed when a person has both symptoms and confirmed low hormone levels. Treatment methods include:

  • Skin patches

  • Gels

  • Oral tablets (that dissolve in the mouth)

  • Injections

  • Implanted hormone pellets

Relief from symptoms may appear within a few weeks, though full results can take up to two months or more.

Natural Ways to Boost Testosterone

While lifestyle changes may not fully restore testosterone in cases of clinical deficiency, they can be highly effective in supporting healthy hormone production:

  • Exercise regularly: Resistance and high-intensity interval training are especially effective.

  • Lose excess weight: Obesity is strongly linked to lower testosterone.

  • Improve diet: Focus on whole foods, healthy fats, lean proteins, and micronutrients such as zinc and vitamin D.

  • Reduce stress: Chronic stress elevates cortisol, which may suppress testosterone.

  • Sleep well: Aim for 7–9 hours of high-quality sleep.

  • Avoid trans fats and excessive sugar: These may lower hormone levels over time.

Frequently Asked Questions

What happens when a man has low testosterone?
He may experience erectile dysfunction, low libido, depression, fatigue, muscle loss, and sleep problems.

Can low testosterone cause diabetes?
Yes. Low testosterone may contribute to insulin resistance, increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Should I see a urologist or endocrinologist?
Both can help. Urologists specialize in male reproductive health, while endocrinologists focus on hormonal issues.

Does low testosterone affect fertility?
It can be associated with infertility, but it’s usually a symptom—not the direct cause. Low sperm production and testosterone levels often stem from a shared underlying issue.

Is low testosterone genetic?
Yes, genetic conditions like Klinefelter syndrome and variants affecting sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) can impact testosterone levels.

Summary

Low testosterone affects about 2% of men, and the risk increases with age. While some loss of testosterone is natural, persistent low levels may lead to serious symptoms and complications.

The condition is highly treatable—through both medical therapies and lifestyle changes. Recognizing the signs early and consulting a healthcare provider can make a significant difference in long-term health and well-being.