Nose and sinus issues are more common than you might think. They can cause breathing difficulties, pain, pressure, excess mucus, and frequent infections. In the United States alone, more than 20 million outpatient visits every year are tied to nose and sinus complaints.

While some problems clear up with home remedies or over-the-counter (OTC) treatments, others may require prescription medication or surgery. This article reviews the most common sinus disorders and nose problems, their symptoms, causes, treatments, and prevention strategies.

5 Types Of Common Nose And Sinus Problems

You can categorize sinus and nasal disorders by their symptoms or the specific structures affected. Some conditions are temporary (acute), like a short episode of sinusitis after a cold, while others are long-lasting (chronic).

Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis, sometimes referred to as hay fever, occurs when allergens like pollen, animal dander, or dust trigger your immune system. Symptoms may include:

  • Coughing

  • Watery eyes

  • Sneezing

  • Runny or stuffy nose

  • Itchy eyes, nose, throat, or skin

  • Fatigue and irritability

Allergic rhinitis can be seasonal (linked to pollen) or year-round, depending on your triggers.

Deviated Septum

A deviated septum occurs when the thin wall of cartilage and bone separating the nasal passages is off-center. This can cause:

  • Noisy breathing (especially in children)

  • Mouth breathing

  • Nosebleeds

  • Frequent sinus infections

  • Difficulty breathing through one or both nostrils

While mild cases may not cause major issues, severe deviations may require surgery (septoplasty).

Nasal Polyps

Nasal polyps are noncancerous growths inside the nasal passages or sinuses. They may block airflow and cause symptoms such as:

  • Chronic stuffiness

  • Headaches

  • Loss of smell or taste

  • Sneezing and runny nose

  • Snoring or sleep disruption

Treatment often begins with medications like corticosteroid sprays, but surgery may be needed if symptoms persist.

Nosebleeds

The medical term for nosebleeds is epistaxis. They are classified into two types:

  • Anterior nosebleeds: The most common type, usually from the front of the nose. These are often mild and easy to stop.

  • Posterior nosebleeds: Occur deeper inside the nose and can be more serious, sometimes requiring immediate medical care.

Causes include trauma, dry air, frequent nose-blowing, medications (like blood thinners), and certain medical conditions.

Sinusitis

Sinusitis is inflammation of the sinus cavities. It may be:

  • Acute: Lasts up to four weeks, often after a cold.

  • Subacute: Persists one to three months.

  • Chronic: Lasts three months or more.

Common symptoms include:

  • Facial pain or pressure

  • Toothache

  • Fever

  • Fatigue

  • Bad breath

  • Postnasal drip

  • Cough (worse at night)

Treatment depends on the cause—viral infections usually resolve on their own, while bacterial cases may require antibiotics. Chronic cases may require steroids or surgery.

Causes Of Nose And Sinus Problems

The underlying causes vary by condition, but common triggers include:

  • Allergens: Pollen, mold, dust, and animal dander.

  • Structural issues: Deviated septum or narrow nasal passages.

  • Infections: Viral, bacterial, or fungal.

  • Genetic conditions: Such as cystic fibrosis.

  • Environmental factors: Dry air, smoking, or exposure to pollutants.

Diagnosis

Healthcare providers may use the following tests:

  • Allergy testing (skin or blood)

  • CT or MRI scans of the sinuses

  • Nasal endoscopy (camera exam)

  • Blood tests (to rule out bleeding disorders or infections)

Diagnosis typically begins with a physical exam and medical history review.

Treatment Options

Allergic Rhinitis

  • Avoid triggers when possible.

  • Use antihistamines, decongestants, or nasal corticosteroids.

  • Consider allergy shots (immunotherapy) for long-term relief.

Deviated Septum

  • Medications such as antihistamines or nasal sprays.

  • Surgery (septoplasty) for severe obstruction.

Nasal Polyps

  • Steroid sprays or oral medications.

  • Antibiotics for secondary infections.

  • Surgery if medications fail.

Nosebleeds

  • Apply firm pressure to the nostrils for 10 minutes.

  • Lean forward to avoid swallowing blood.

  • See a provider if nosebleeds are frequent, prolonged, or severe.

Sinusitis

  • OTC pain relievers, decongestants, or antihistamines.

  • Antibiotics only for bacterial infections.

  • Steroid sprays or surgery for chronic sinusitis.

Prevention Tips

You may not always prevent sinus and nasal disorders, but steps that reduce risk include:

  • Stay hydrated.

  • Use a humidifier to keep air moist.

  • Wash your hands frequently.

  • Stop smoking and avoid secondhand smoke.

  • Manage allergies with medications or immunotherapy.

  • Get annual flu shots.

  • Rinse nasal passages with saline solutions.

Possible Complications

While most sinus and nasal problems resolve without lasting harm, complications can occur in rare cases, including:

  • Orbital cellulitis (eye infection)

  • Meningitis (infection of the brain lining)

  • Osteomyelitis (bone infection)

  • Sleep disorders from chronic mouth breathing

  • Abscesses or pus buildup

A Quick Review

Sinus and nasal problems affect millions each year and can range from minor irritation to chronic health issues. Common conditions include allergic rhinitis, deviated septum, nasal polyps, nosebleeds, and sinusitis.

Treatment options vary depending on the cause, from lifestyle changes and medications to surgical procedures. If symptoms persist or worsen, consult a healthcare provider for evaluation and treatment.