An ear infection happens when bacteria, fungi, or viruses become trapped inside the ear, causing inflammation and fluid buildup. Infections can affect either the outer ear or the middle ear, with middle ear infections (also known as otitis media) being the most common.

The symptoms of an ear infection depend on the part of the ear affected. Common signs include ear pain, hearing loss, fluid drainage, and a feeling of pressure or fullness in the ear. Some people may experience a sudden onset of severe symptoms, while others might notice a more gradual development.

Middle Ear Infection Symptoms

A middle ear infection, or otitis media, occurs when bacteria or viruses enter the area behind the eardrum, leading to inflammation and fluid buildup. Typical symptoms include:

  • Ear pain: The pain can vary from mild to severe and may get worse when lying down or during changes in altitude.

  • Ear discharge: Fluid or pus may leak from the ear. This discharge is usually yellow or clear and may have a foul odor.

  • Hearing difficulties: Fluid and inflammation in the middle ear can interfere with sound transmission, leading to muffled hearing or partial hearing loss.

  • Fullness or pressure: The affected ear may feel blocked or under pressure, similar to the sensation of being underwater.

  • Fever: A fever may occur as the body tries to fight the infection, especially in children.

Outer Ear Infection Symptoms

An outer ear infection, also known as otitis externa or swimmer's ear, affects the ear canal that leads to the eardrum. It often develops when water remains trapped in the ear canal, creating a moist environment that allows bacteria to grow. Symptoms include:

  • Ear pain: Pain that worsens when touching or pulling on the earlobe or the tragus (the small flap of cartilage at the ear canal entrance).

  • Itching and irritation: Constant itching or discomfort in the ear canal.

  • Redness and swelling: The ear canal may appear red and swollen. On light skin, the area may turn pink or red, while on darker skin, it may appear dark red or brown. The area may also feel tender.

  • Discharge: Pus or clear fluid may come from the affected ear.

  • Ear blockage or fullness: Swelling can create a blocked feeling in the ear and affect hearing.

Symptoms in Children

Although anyone can get an ear infection, young children are more likely to experience them. Nearly all children will have at least one ear infection by the age of three.

Children often show the same symptoms as adults, but those too young to speak clearly may also display additional signs, such as:

  • Tugging or pulling at the ear

  • Unusual fussiness or irritability

  • Fever

  • Trouble sleeping

  • Nausea or vomiting

  • Loss of appetite

  • Low energy or sluggishness

  • Balance problems or frequent falls

  • Reduced responsiveness to sound

When to See a Healthcare Provider

Most ear infections resolve on their own within two to three days. During this time, you can manage symptoms at home using over-the-counter pain relievers and other comfort measures.

However, you should seek medical care if:

  • Ear pain is severe or lasts more than 48 hours

  • Hearing loss persists for several days

  • There is a high fever

  • You notice pus or blood draining from the ear

Some symptoms may signal a more serious problem and require immediate medical attention. These include:

  • Sudden and intense ear pain, dizziness, or vertigo that disrupt daily activities

  • Significant hearing loss in one or both ears

  • Facial weakness or paralysis on one or both sides

  • Stiff neck

  • Severe headache

If you are uncertain about the seriousness of your symptoms, it is always best to consult a healthcare provider. They can assess your condition, make a diagnosis, and suggest appropriate treatment.

A Quick Review

Ear infections can affect both the outer and middle ear, with each type having unique symptoms. Middle ear infections typically involve pain, fluid drainage, and hearing issues. Outer ear infections often cause itching, redness, and a sense of ear blockage.

In children, recognizing ear infections can be harder because they may not be able to describe their symptoms. Look out for changes in behavior, such as irritability, poor sleep, or reduced response to sound.

Most ear infections can be treated at home, but symptoms like severe pain, high fever, sudden hearing loss, or facial weakness should be evaluated by a medical professional right away.