Uterine cancer occurs when cells in the uterus begin to mutate and grow uncontrollably. This condition can lead to symptoms such as abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and urinary difficulties.

The most common type of uterine cancer is endometrial cancer, which starts in the inner lining of the uterus known as the endometrium.

In the United States, thousands of people with a uterus are diagnosed with uterine cancer each year. Identifying the early warning signs can lead to quicker diagnosis and more effective treatment.

Early uterine cancer symptoms

The initial signs of uterine cancer often involve vaginal changes and discomfort in the pelvic area. Recognizing these symptoms early is key.

irregular vaginal bleeding
This is the most common early sign of uterine cancer. It refers to bleeding that occurs outside of your usual menstrual cycle or after menopause. Bleeding after menopause is never normal and should always prompt a visit to a healthcare provider.

In people who still menstruate, irregular bleeding may include unusually heavy periods or spotting between cycles. Even light bleeding after menopause could be significant.

unusual vaginal discharge
It is common to have vaginal discharge throughout the month, but changes in its appearance or smell can signal a problem. Discharge related to uterine cancer may:

  • Contain blood

  • Appear red, pink, white, or brown

  • Smell unpleasant

  • Resemble pus

If you notice any of these changes, consult your healthcare provider promptly.

pain or discomfort
As the tumor grows, it may press against nearby organs and tissues. This can lead to pain or a feeling of fullness in the lower abdomen or pelvic region.

You might also feel pain:

  • In the lower back or legs

  • During sexual activity

  • When urinating or having a bowel movement

Late-stage symptoms

As uterine cancer progresses, it can spread beyond the uterus, causing more severe and systemic symptoms.

bloating and fluid buildup
The tumor may cause a buildup of fluid in the abdomen (ascites) or in the lymphatic system (lymphedema), leading to swelling and discomfort.

digestive problems
Cancer that spreads to the digestive system may cause constipation, diarrhea, or painful bowel movements.

urinary urgency
If the tumor presses on the bladder or other organs, it can cause a frequent or urgent need to urinate.

unintended weight loss
A reduced appetite and weight loss without trying are also possible as the cancer advances.

Remember, these symptoms can also occur due to noncancerous conditions. However, persistent or unexplained changes should not be ignored.

When to see your healthcare provider

It’s crucial to consult your provider if you experience symptoms that could be related to uterine cancer—especially if you're postmenopausal and notice any vaginal bleeding.

Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes. If your provider suspects cancer, they may refer you to a gynecologic oncologist, a doctor specializing in cancers of the reproductive system.

diagnostic steps may include:

  • Medical history and physical exam: The provider will assess your symptoms, review your family history, and possibly perform a pelvic exam.

  • Transvaginal ultrasound: This imaging test involves inserting a small probe into the vagina to visualize the uterus and detect abnormalities.

  • Endometrial biopsy: If imaging reveals anything suspicious, a small tissue sample from the uterine lining may be taken and analyzed.

A quick review

Uterine cancer develops in the uterus and may cause abnormal vaginal bleeding, discharge, and pelvic pain. Endometrial cancer is the most common type.

As the disease spreads, symptoms can become more severe and impact other body systems. Seeing a healthcare provider promptly when symptoms arise is essential for early diagnosis and effective treatment.