Overview

Allergic rhinitis is a common inflammatory condition of the nasal passages triggered by an overreaction of the immune system to airborne allergens. These allergens include pollen, pet dander, dust mites, mold spores, and more. When someone with allergic rhinitis inhales these particles, their immune system mistakenly treats them as harmful invaders and releases histamine and other chemicals, leading to uncomfortable symptoms.

More than 400 million people around the world experience allergic rhinitis, which can significantly impact daily life and sleep quality. The condition can be seasonal or perennial and is often manageable with medication, lifestyle changes, and immunotherapy.

Types

Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis

Also known as hay fever, this form occurs during specific times of the year when pollen counts are high. Triggers include tree pollen in spring, grass pollen in summer, and weed pollen in fall.

Perennial Allergic Rhinitis

This type occurs year-round and is typically caused by indoor allergens like dust mites, pet dander, mold, or cockroach debris. It can result in more persistent symptoms compared to the seasonal type.

Symptoms

Initial symptoms often appear shortly after allergen exposure and may include:

  • Sneezing

  • Runny or stuffy nose

  • Itchy or watery eyes

  • Itchy nose, mouth, or throat

Prolonged or untreated allergic rhinitis can cause:

  • Nasal congestion

  • Postnasal drip

  • Cough

  • Headaches

  • Sore throat

  • Fatigue

  • Facial pressure

  • Poor sleep quality

  • Reduced sense of smell

  • Dark circles under the eyes

Causes

Allergic rhinitis develops when the immune system overreacts to harmless substances (allergens) in the air. Upon exposure, the immune system releases histamine, leading to inflammation in the nasal passages and increased mucus production.

Common triggers include:

  • Pollen (grass, weed, tree)

  • Dust mites

  • Pet dander (from cats, dogs)

  • Mold spores

  • Cockroach waste

Risk Factors

Several factors increase the likelihood of developing allergic rhinitis:

  • Family history of allergies

  • Existing eczema or asthma

  • Exposure to smoke or pollution

  • Early antibiotic use or allergen exposure during childhood

  • Poor indoor air quality

  • Sleeping in allergen-heavy environments

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is typically made by a healthcare provider based on:

  • Symptom history

  • Environmental exposure review

  • Physical examination

Additional diagnostic methods include:

Skin Prick Test

A small amount of allergen is introduced into the skin to observe for a reaction.

Blood Tests (IgE levels)

Measures immune response to specific allergens by detecting immunoglobulin E antibodies.

Treatment

Medications

  • Nasal corticosteroids: Most effective for reducing inflammation and congestion

  • Antihistamines: Relieve sneezing, itching, and runny nose

  • Decongestants: Ease nasal stuffiness (short-term use only)

  • Leukotriene inhibitors: Prescription drugs like montelukast reduce allergic inflammation

Allergen Immunotherapy

Recommended for persistent or severe cases not controlled with medication. It involves regular exposure to allergens through:

  • Allergy shots (SCIT)

  • Sublingual tablets (SLIT)

These methods help build long-term tolerance and may reduce or eliminate symptoms over time.

Self-Care and Home Remedies

  • Saline nasal rinses to flush allergens from nasal passages

  • Use of HEPA filters in air purifiers

  • Keeping windows closed during high pollen seasons

  • Regular cleaning to remove dust and pet dander

  • Wearing masks or sunglasses outdoors during allergy seasons

Prevention

While allergic rhinitis can't be completely prevented, steps to reduce exposure include:

  • Monitoring pollen forecasts

  • Keeping pets out of the bedroom

  • Washing bedding frequently in hot water

  • Showering after outdoor activities

  • Vacuuming with HEPA filters

  • Avoiding smoking or smoky environments

Related Conditions

People with allergic rhinitis may also experience or be at higher risk for:

  • Asthma: Inflammation in the airways can be triggered by the same allergens

  • Eczema: Skin inflammation linked with allergen sensitivity

  • Allergic conjunctivitis: Red, itchy, watery eyes due to allergen exposure

  • Sleep apnea: Nasal congestion may contribute to poor sleep or obstructive sleep apnea

Living With Allergic Rhinitis

Managing allergic rhinitis is an ongoing process. With appropriate treatment and allergen avoidance, most people can significantly reduce their symptoms. Regular consultations with an allergist or primary care provider can help adjust treatments as needed and ensure better quality of life.

Symptoms may fluctuate based on season, environment, or changes in immune response, so flexibility and awareness are key.