Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a frequent neurodevelopmental disorder, meaning it affects the brain's growth and functioning. ADHD is most commonly diagnosed in children but can continue into adulthood, often impacting daily responsibilities and relationships.

Core Symptoms

The key signs of ADHD include inattention (difficulty focusing), hyperactivity (restlessness), and impulsivity (acting without thinking). These symptoms can vary in severity and frequency depending on the individual and the type of ADHD they have. If left unmanaged, ADHD can hinder school performance, social interactions, and everyday tasks.

What Causes ADHD?

Although the exact causes of ADHD remain unknown, both genetic and environmental factors are believed to contribute. Family history is a significant risk factor, as well as prenatal exposure to harmful substances. Other potential contributors include premature birth and low birth weight.

Managing ADHD

ADHD is not curable, but treatments can significantly improve symptoms. Medication and behavioral therapies are the main approaches and can be used separately or together. Healthcare professionals can help develop a personalized treatment plan tailored to specific needs.

Types of ADHD

There are three main types of ADHD:

  1. Predominantly Inattentive Type - Struggles with focus, organization, and following instructions.

  2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type - Exhibits restlessness, impulsive actions, and difficulty staying still.

  3. Combined Type - A mix of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. This is the most common type.

ADHD Symptoms by Type

To be diagnosed, symptoms must persist for at least six months:

Inattentive Symptoms:

  • Frequently loses items

  • Easily distracted

  • Has trouble completing tasks

  • Forgets important information

Hyperactive-Impulsive Symptoms:

  • Excessive fidgeting

  • Interrupts conversations

  • Acts without thinking

  • Struggles to wait turns

Combined Type:

  • Displays a combination of both symptom sets

Diagnosing ADHD

There is no single test for ADHD. Diagnosis usually involves a multi-step process, including:

  • Physical examination (vision/hearing checks, motor skills)

  • Developmental history (language and communication milestones)

  • Behavioral evaluations (home and school behavior)

  • Meeting DSM-5 diagnostic criteria

Treatment Options

Medications: Stimulants (like Adderall or Ritalin) and non-stimulants (such as Strattera or Qelbree) are commonly used to balance brain chemicals and improve focus and self-control.

Therapies: Behavioral therapies help manage daily challenges and teach coping strategies. These may include:

  • Parent training

  • Behavioral therapy for children

  • Classroom behavior management

  • Organizational skills coaching

  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Preventive Strategies

While ADHD can't be entirely prevented, certain strategies can help manage or reduce symptoms:

  • Minimize distractions during tasks

  • Encourage participation in enjoyable activities

  • Break tasks into smaller, manageable steps

  • Reinforce good behavior with positive rewards

Related Conditions

ADHD often coexists with other conditions, including:

  • Learning disabilities

  • Language disorders

  • Autism spectrum disorder

  • Sleep problems

  • Anxiety and depression

  • Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

Living with ADHD

ADHD is a lifelong condition that can significantly affect life if untreated. However, with proper care and lifestyle adjustments, individuals with ADHD can thrive. Recommendations include:

  • Regular physical activity

  • Balanced nutrition

  • Limiting screen time

  • Maintaining consistent routines

  • Using tools like planners or reminders

  • Following treatment plans and staying in contact with healthcare providers