Updated: 2025
Reviewed by: Internal Medicine Specialist

What Is Acid Reflux?

Acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux (GER), occurs when stomach acid or food flows back into the esophagus. This happens when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)—the muscular valve between the stomach and esophagus—doesn’t function properly. It can lead to symptoms such as a burning sensation in the chest (heartburn), a sour or bitter taste in the mouth, burping, nausea, and bloating.

Most people experience this occasionally, especially after a large meal or when lying down too soon after eating. However, if symptoms occur frequently, you may be dealing with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)—a chronic condition that requires ongoing treatment.

Types of Acid Reflux

  • GER (Gastroesophageal Reflux): A milder form, usually occurring after meals or triggered by lifestyle factors like spicy food, carbonated drinks, or smoking.
  • GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease): A more severe, chronic form with persistent symptoms that can damage the esophagus if not properly managed.

Common Symptoms

Symptoms of acid reflux vary between individuals but may include:

  • Burning sensation in the chest or throat
  • Sour or bitter taste in the mouth
  • Frequent burping
  • Nausea or abdominal bloating
  • Dry cough, sore throat, or hoarseness
  • Bad breath
  • A sensation of something stuck in the throat

Causes of Acid Reflux

Several factors can weaken the LES or increase abdominal pressure, leading to acid reflux:

  • Overweight or obesity
  • Hiatal hernia
  • Pregnancy
  • Eating large meals or lying down right after eating
  • Stress and anxiety
  • Certain medications (e.g., for high blood pressure, depression, allergies)
  • Smoking, alcohol, and caffeine consumption

How Is It Diagnosed?

In many cases, doctors can diagnose acid reflux based on symptoms alone. However, if symptoms are frequent or complications are suspected, diagnostic tests may include:

  • Upper endoscopy
  • pH monitoring of the esophagus
  • Barium swallow X-ray
  • Esophageal manometry

Treatment for Acid Reflux

???? Lifestyle Changes

  • Avoid trigger foods such as fried, spicy, or acidic items, coffee, and carbonated drinks
  • Eat smaller, more frequent meals
  • Wait 2–3 hours before lying down after meals
  • Elevate the head of your bed while sleeping
  • Quit smoking and limit alcohol

???? Medications

  • Antacids: Fast-acting relief for mild symptoms
  • H2 blockers: Reduce acid production, with longer-lasting effects
  • Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): Stronger acid suppressants for frequent or severe symptoms

Possible Complications

If left untreated, acid reflux can lead to:

  • Esophagitis: Inflammation, ulcers, or bleeding of the esophagus
  • Barrett's esophagus: Precancerous changes in esophageal tissue
  • Esophageal stricture: Narrowing of the esophagus causing difficulty swallowing
  • Respiratory issues: Chronic cough, asthma, sore throat

Prevention Tips

  • Maintain a healthy body weight
  • Follow a balanced diet and avoid trigger foods
  • Don’t eat right before bedtime
  • Sleep with your upper body elevated
  • Exercise regularly
  • Manage stress effectively

Living With Acid Reflux

Mild acid reflux can often be managed with healthy habits and over-the-counter medications. However, if symptoms persist or interfere with daily life, consult a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.