A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common condition that occurs when bacteria enter the urinary system and cause inflammation. The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. UTIs can affect any part of this system, but they most commonly occur in the lower urinary tract, which includes the bladder and urethra.

Causes

UTIs typically occur when bacteria, most often Escherichia coli (E. coli), enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to multiply. Several factors can increase the risk of developing a UTI:

  • Poor hygiene practices

  • Sexual activity

  • Use of certain types of birth control (e.g., diaphragms)

  • Urinary catheter use

  • Blockages in the urinary tract (e.g., kidney stones)

  • Weakened immune system

  • Menopause

Types

UTIs are classified based on which part of the urinary tract is infected:

Cystitis (bladder infection): Causes pelvic pressure, frequent and painful urination, and blood in the urine.

Urethritis (urethra infection): Characterized by burning with urination and discharge.

Pyelonephritis (kidney infection): Can cause upper back and side pain, high fever, shaking and chills, nausea, and vomiting.

Symptoms

The symptoms of a UTI vary depending on the location and severity of the infection. Common signs include:

  • A strong, persistent urge to urinate

  • A burning sensation when urinating

  • Passing frequent, small amounts of urine

  • Cloudy or strong-smelling urine

  • Pelvic pain (in women)

  • Rectal pain (in men)

  • Fever and chills (if the kidneys are involved)

Risk Factors

Certain populations are more susceptible to UTIs. These include:

  • Women (due to shorter urethras)

  • Older adults

  • Individuals with urinary tract abnormalities

  • People who use urinary catheters

  • Individuals with diabetes

  • People with suppressed immune systems

Diagnosis

A healthcare provider will typically diagnose a UTI based on symptoms and a urinalysis test. This may include:

  • Urine sample test: To detect white blood cells, red blood cells, or bacteria

  • Urine culture: To identify the type of bacteria and determine the appropriate treatment

  • Imaging tests: Ultrasound or CT scan if recurrent infections occur

  • Cystoscopy: A scope used to view inside the bladder if necessary

Treatment

Most UTIs are treated effectively with antibiotics. The type and duration depend on the severity and location of the infection.

Antibiotic treatment may include:

  • Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

  • Nitrofurantoin

  • Fosfomycin

  • Cephalexin

  • Amoxicillin-clavulanate

Other treatments include:

  • Pain relievers

  • Increased fluid intake

  • Heating pads to relieve pain or pressure

Complications

If left untreated, a UTI can lead to serious complications such as:

  • Recurrent infections

  • Permanent kidney damage

  • Urethral narrowing in men

  • Sepsis (a potentially life-threatening infection)

Prevention

Several strategies can help reduce the risk of developing a UTI:

  • Drink plenty of water

  • Wipe from front to back after using the toilet

  • Urinate before and after sexual activity

  • Avoid irritating feminine products

  • Change birth control method if necessary

  • Avoid prolonged use of urinary catheters

UTIs in Women

Women are significantly more likely to develop UTIs due to anatomical differences. Key considerations for women include:

  • Increased risk after menopause

  • Greater chance during pregnancy

  • Recurrence due to sexual activity or contraceptives

UTIs in Men

Although less common, UTIs in men can be more serious and often require further investigation. Contributing factors may include:

  • Enlarged prostate

  • Urinary stones

  • Recent catheter use or surgery

UTIs in Children

Children may also develop UTIs. Symptoms in children can include:

  • Unexplained fever

  • Poor feeding

  • Irritability

  • Foul-smelling urine

Prompt treatment is crucial to prevent kidney damage in children.

When to See a Doctor

Seek medical attention if:

  • Symptoms persist or worsen after 2–3 days

  • There is a high fever, back pain, or nausea

  • Blood is present in the urine

  • You experience recurrent infections

Living With UTIs

People with frequent UTIs may need long-term strategies, including:

  • Prophylactic low-dose antibiotics

  • Vaginal estrogen therapy for postmenopausal women

  • Behavioral and dietary adjustments

  • Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider