A stroke—also known as a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) or brain attack—occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is blocked or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting the oxygen and nutrients it needs. This can lead to symptoms like confusion, weakness on one side of the body, and in severe cases, death if not treated quickly.

Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide and a major cause of serious long-term disability. Seeking immediate medical attention is essential to reduce the risk of severe or life-threatening complications. The type of treatment you receive will depend on the type of stroke, how long it has been since symptoms began, and your overall health.

Types of Strokes

There are two main types of strokes:

  • Ischemic Stroke: The most common type, making up approximately 87% of all strokes. It occurs when a blood clot blocks or narrows a blood vessel in the brain, cutting off the blood supply. Without oxygen, brain cells begin to die quickly.

  • Hemorrhagic Stroke: This occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, causing bleeding into or around the brain. The build-up of blood increases pressure in the skull and can cause brain tissue damage.

Stroke Symptoms

Recognizing the signs of a stroke quickly is crucial. The acronym BEFAST can help:

  • B – Balance: Sudden loss of balance or coordination

  • E – Eyes: Sudden vision problems, such as double vision or blindness in one eye

  • F – Face: Facial drooping on one side

  • A – Arms: Weakness or numbness in one arm (or leg)

  • S – Speech: Slurred speech or difficulty speaking

  • T – Time: Time to call emergency services immediately

Causes of Stroke

The underlying cause of a stroke depends on its type.

  • Ischemic Stroke: Usually caused by atherosclerosis, where plaque (cholesterol buildup) narrows or blocks blood vessels. This can lead to clot formation. Other contributing factors include inflammation, head injuries, or irregular heart rhythms like atrial fibrillation.

  • Hemorrhagic Stroke: Most often caused by high blood pressure, which can weaken arteries and cause them to rupture. Other causes include excessive use of blood thinners or head trauma.

Stroke Risk Factors

Many stroke risk factors are related to lifestyle, which means that adopting healthier habits can significantly reduce your risk. Common risk factors include:

  • High blood pressure (the most significant factor)

  • High blood sugar

  • High cholesterol

  • Kidney disease

  • Obesity

  • Physical inactivity

  • Smoking

  • Alcohol consumption

Age and Stroke Risk

Age plays a major role in stroke risk. The likelihood of having a stroke increases after age 55 and doubles with each additional decade.

Stroke Diagnosis

If stroke symptoms are present, emergency medical care is necessary. A healthcare team will:

  • Perform a quick physical exam

  • Conduct imaging tests such as a CT scan to determine whether the stroke is ischemic or hemorrhagic

  • Begin treatment immediately based on the type of stroke

Stroke Treatments

The primary goal of stroke treatment is to restore blood flow to the brain and minimize damage.

For Ischemic Stroke:

  • tPA (tissue plasminogen activator): A clot-busting drug that must be administered within a few hours of symptom onset.

  • Mechanical thrombectomy: A procedure where a catheter is threaded through the groin to the brain to remove the clot. A stent may also be placed to keep the artery open.

For Hemorrhagic Stroke:

  • Medication: To lower blood pressure and prevent further bleeding.

  • Surgical options: These may include repairing ruptured blood vessels, draining excess blood, or clipping an aneurysm.

How to Prevent a Stroke

You can reduce your risk of stroke by:

  • Quitting smoking

  • Reducing alcohol, salt, and cholesterol intake

  • Taking medications to control high blood pressure

  • Managing existing heart conditions, such as atrial fibrillation

  • Exercising regularly (at least 30 minutes per day)

  • Getting regular health checkups and bloodwork

Managing Life After a Stroke

Thanks to advances in treatment and awareness, stroke-related deaths have declined over the past few decades. Still, strokes remain life-altering events that often require long-term recovery.

Recovery can take weeks or even months. It’s important to:

  • Stay in contact with your healthcare provider

  • Follow your prescribed rehabilitation and treatment plan

  • Be patient with your body and mind during recovery

Recognizing stroke symptoms early and getting prompt treatment can greatly improve survival and quality of life.