A concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) that occurs when a sudden blow or jolt to the head causes the brain to move rapidly within the skull. This sudden movement can disrupt normal brain function, leading to temporary changes in consciousness, memory, balance, and cognitive ability.

Although classified as “mild,” concussions are serious medical events that require careful monitoring and rest. If not treated properly, they can lead to complications such as prolonged symptoms, repeated injuries, or long-term neurological damage.

How it happens

Concussions typically result from direct impacts to the head or indirect forces (like whiplash) that cause the brain to accelerate or decelerate abruptly. When the brain shifts inside the skull, it may twist, stretch, or bump against the bony interior, affecting neurons and chemical pathways.

Common causes include:

  • Falls (most frequent in children and older adults)

  • Car or motorcycle accidents

  • Sports injuries (especially in contact sports)

  • Physical assaults

  • Explosive blasts (common in military contexts)

Even without a loss of consciousness, a concussion can still occur.

Common symptoms

Concussion symptoms can vary widely depending on the severity of the injury and the individual's response. Symptoms usually appear within minutes to hours after the injury, but in some cases, they may be delayed for days.

Physical symptoms

  • Headache or pressure in the head

  • Nausea or vomiting

  • Balance problems or dizziness

  • Sensitivity to light and noise

  • Vision disturbances (blurred or double vision)

  • Fatigue or drowsiness

Cognitive symptoms

  • Confusion or foggy thinking

  • Difficulty concentrating

  • Memory problems, especially surrounding the injury

  • Feeling “slow” or “mentally off”

Emotional symptoms

  • Irritability or mood swings

  • Sadness or depression

  • Anxiety or nervousness

Sleep-related symptoms

  • Sleeping more or less than usual

  • Difficulty falling or staying asleep

In severe cases, symptoms such as repeated vomiting, seizures, worsening headache, or increasing confusion may indicate a more serious brain injury that needs urgent medical care.

Post-concussion syndrome

Some people experience lingering symptoms for weeks or even months after the injury—this is known as post-concussion syndrome (PCS). It includes:

  • Persistent headaches

  • Trouble with memory or focus

  • Emotional instability

  • Sensitivity to stimuli (light, sound, crowds)

PCS is more likely in people who have had previous concussions or underlying anxiety or depression.

When to seek emergency help

While most concussions are not life-threatening, it’s important to recognize warning signs that warrant immediate medical attention:

  • Loss of consciousness for more than a few seconds

  • Repeated vomiting

  • Seizures or convulsions

  • Slurred speech or unusual behavior

  • One pupil larger than the other

  • Clear fluid leaking from the nose or ears

  • Inability to recognize people or places

  • Weakness or numbness in limbs

If any of these signs appear, call emergency services or go to the nearest hospital immediately.

Diagnosing a concussion

Diagnosing a concussion is primarily clinical, based on the patient's symptoms and injury history. There is no single test that confirms a concussion.

Evaluation may include:

  • Neurological examination (reflexes, balance, coordination)

  • Cognitive testing (memory, attention, processing speed)

  • Symptom checklists and scales

  • CT scan or MRI (to rule out serious complications like bleeding or swelling)

In most cases, imaging tests appear normal in people with concussions, which is why a detailed history and symptom review are key.

Treatment and recovery

The cornerstone of concussion treatment is rest and gradual return to activity. Most people recover fully with proper management.

Initial care:

  • Rest for the first 24–48 hours (both physical and cognitive)

  • Avoid screens, reading, bright lights, and noise

  • Stay hydrated and eat well

  • Monitor symptoms regularly

Gradual return to activity:
Once symptoms improve, patients can begin a structured, step-by-step return to school, work, or sports. It's crucial to:

  • Increase activity slowly

  • Stop if symptoms worsen

  • Get clearance from a healthcare provider before returning to high-risk activities

Medications:

  • Pain relievers like acetaminophen may help with headaches (NSAIDs should be used cautiously in the first 48 hours)

  • Avoid alcohol and sedatives unless prescribed

Rehabilitation:
In some cases, patients may benefit from:

  • Vestibular therapy (for dizziness and balance issues)

  • Cognitive therapy (for focus or memory problems)

  • Psychological counseling (for emotional symptoms)

Concussion in children

Children and teens are particularly vulnerable to concussions due to their developing brains. Common causes include falls, playground injuries, and sports.

Because younger children may not express symptoms clearly, parents and caregivers should watch for:

  • Crying more than usual

  • Trouble sleeping

  • Loss of interest in play or favorite activities

  • Clinginess or irritability

  • Difficulty walking or standing

If your child has a head injury, even if mild, consult a pediatrician or emergency room for evaluation.

Concussions in sports

Concussions are a major concern in contact sports like football, soccer, hockey, and rugby. The risk is particularly high in youth athletes.

Athletes should:

  • Report any symptoms immediately

  • Never “play through” a head injury

  • Follow return-to-play protocols strictly

  • Use proper safety gear and techniques

Many schools and athletic organizations now follow standardized concussion protocols that emphasize early detection, conservative recovery, and long-term health.

Complications and repeated concussions

While a single concussion often resolves without lasting effects, repeated head injuries can lead to serious, long-term consequences:

  • Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

  • Memory impairment

  • Emotional and behavioral disorders

  • Prolonged recovery times

  • Increased risk of future concussions

Resting until full recovery and avoiding risky situations can significantly reduce the chances of complications.

How to prevent concussions

Although not all concussions are avoidable, some strategies can reduce the risk:

  • Wear helmets when biking, skating, or playing contact sports

  • Use seat belts and child car seats properly

  • Create a safe environment at home (e.g., remove tripping hazards, install stair gates)

  • Use proper techniques during sports and physical activities

  • Educate children and athletes about concussion awareness

Prevention starts with education, awareness, and smart behavior—especially in settings where head injuries are more likely.

Living with concussion effects

For some, a concussion may impact daily life for weeks or longer. Support and patience during this time are crucial.

Tips for managing daily challenges:

  • Break tasks into smaller steps

  • Avoid multitasking

  • Take frequent breaks during mental tasks

  • Use reminders or apps for organization

  • Keep a quiet, low-stress environment

Returning to normal routines should be gradual and guided by symptoms. Working with healthcare professionals helps ensure safe recovery.

FAQs

Can I get a concussion without hitting my head?
Yes. Sudden movements (like whiplash) can cause the brain to move inside the skull, resulting in a concussion.

Do I need a CT scan if I have a concussion?
Not always. Imaging is typically only needed if you show signs of serious complications like brain bleeding.

Can I sleep after a concussion?
Yes. Rest is important. It’s a myth that you shouldn’t sleep—but someone should monitor you for a few hours after the injury.

How long does recovery take?
Most people recover in 7–14 days. Some may take longer, especially children or those with previous concussions.

Is it okay to use screens after a concussion?
Limit screen time in the early days. As symptoms improve, you can gradually return to normal screen usage.