Tongue cancer is a specific type of oral cancer that starts in the cells of the tongue. Oral cancer can affect many areas within the mouth, including the lips, inner cheeks, and the back of the throat.

While symptoms of oral cancer and tongue cancer often appear similar, tongue cancer symptoms typically begin on the tongue itself before spreading to surrounding areas. These early symptoms may involve visible patches, discomfort, or numbness.

Although anyone can develop tongue cancer, it is more common among people assigned male at birth who have a history of tobacco use. However, cases are increasing among people assigned female at birth and in younger individuals. Risk factors also include alcohol consumption, HPV infection, poor nutrition, and obesity.

Pain

pain is the most common early symptom of tongue cancer. It usually begins in one specific area—such as the top, side, or underside of the tongue. As the cancer progresses, this pain may intensify and spread across the tongue.

In more advanced stages, the pain can extend beyond the tongue to other parts of the mouth, such as the lips, gums, the inner lining of the cheeks, the back of the throat, and even the ears.

Sores or patches

sores or discolored patches on the tongue are also common signs. These typically do not heal on their own or go away with simple cleaning. The patches may appear red, white, or mixed in color and are usually persistent.

They often develop on the sides of the tongue but can also occur on the top or bottom. As cancer spreads, similar sores may appear in other areas of the mouth.

Difficulty swallowing or speaking

As sores and patches grow, they can interfere with the normal function of the tongue. This may lead to difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), difficulty speaking (dysarthria), and painful swallowing (odynophagia). These issues arise because the tongue may become stiff, painful, or less mobile, making regular movements more difficult.

Numbness

Another common symptom is numbness, which often starts on the tongue and may spread throughout the mouth. Numbness is more likely if there are existing sores or patches.

This loss of sensation can interfere with your ability to taste, speak clearly, or swallow food effectively.

Other symptoms

As tongue cancer advances, it can lead to additional symptoms that may affect the entire mouth and jaw. These symptoms are often shared with other forms of oral cancer.

Additional signs may include:

  • A lump on the lips, cheeks, or inside the mouth

  • A persistent sore throat

  • A sensation that something is stuck in the throat

  • Trouble moving the jaw

  • A noticeable mass in the neck

  • Unexplained weight loss

  • Bleeding in the mouth

  • Loose teeth

  • Dentures that no longer fit comfortably

When to contact a healthcare provider

While symptoms like pain or sores may be alarming, it's important to remember that not all such symptoms are caused by cancer. Many oral symptoms can result from infections, irritations, or other noncancerous conditions.

Still, if you experience new, persistent, or worsening symptoms, it is wise to schedule an appointment with a healthcare provider. They can assess your condition, run appropriate tests, and offer treatment or referrals if necessary.

Questions to ask your provider

If you’re preparing for a medical visit to address your symptoms, having a list of questions may help you feel more informed and less anxious. Consider asking:

  • Could my mouth sores be related to a different condition?

  • What types of tests are available to detect tongue cancer?

  • Is tongue cancer considered treatable?

  • Will I need chemotherapy or other treatments?

  • Are there lifestyle changes I should make to improve my symptoms?

A quick review

Tongue cancer is a subtype of oral cancer that typically begins with symptoms like pain, patches, sores, or numbness on the tongue. As the condition progresses, it may lead to difficulty with speech or swallowing, along with a variety of other oral or facial symptoms.

Although the signs can be concerning, seeking care early from a healthcare provider can lead to a timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Understanding your symptoms is the first step toward taking control of your health.

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