The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects your lower jaw to your skull and allows you to move your jaw up and down and side to side. Located just below the ears on each side of the head, this joint plays an essential role in chewing, speaking, and everyday jaw movement. TMJ disorder is one form of a group of conditions known as temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), which can cause jaw pain, stiffness in the surrounding muscles, and difficulty moving or even locking of the jaw.

Symptoms can range from mild to severe, and their duration can vary. Some people experience short-term discomfort that resolves on its own, while others have chronic pain that lasts for more than three months. Understanding the signs and symptoms can help determine when to seek medical evaluation and treatment.

Jaw and facial pain

Pain around the jaw and face is the most common symptom of TMJ disorder. This discomfort may be caused by inflammation inside the joint or in the nearby muscles. The pain often starts in one specific area—usually the jaw—but can spread to other regions of the face, depending on the condition’s severity.

You may feel pain, stiffness, or tenderness in areas such as:

  • The jaw joint

  • Muscles around the jaw

  • The temples

  • The ears

  • The neck

  • The shoulders

This pain usually worsens when you move your jaw or apply pressure to the affected area. Most people with TMJ disorder report this symptom.

Changes in jaw function

TMJ disorder may reduce your ability to move your jaw properly. You might find it difficult to open or close your mouth fully. In some cases, the jaw may become “locked” in an open or closed position due to joint misalignment. This can interfere with essential functions like chewing and speaking.

Clicking or popping sounds

A clicking, popping, or grinding sound in the jaw when chewing or talking is another common sign. These sounds on their own may not be a concern. However, when combined with pain or limited movement, they are often indicators of TMJ disorder.

Dental symptoms

TMJ disorder can also impact dental health, especially when jaw misalignment is involved. A misaligned bite (malocclusion) can place uneven pressure on the teeth and gums, leading to further complications.

Common dental-related symptoms include:

  • Tooth pain

  • Frequent headaches

  • Higher risk of cavities

  • Gum irritation or inflammation

These issues may worsen if the underlying jaw disorder isn’t treated promptly.

Other symptoms

Depending on the severity of your TMJ disorder, additional symptoms may appear and affect your daily life. These include:

  • Headaches

  • Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)

  • Hearing loss

  • Ear pain

  • Swelling on the side of the jaw

  • Fatigue in the jaw muscles

  • General tiredness

Because the jaw is connected to various muscles and nerves, the effects of TMJ disorder can extend beyond the immediate area.

Psychological effects

Chronic TMJ disorder—lasting longer than three months—can impact your mental health. Ongoing pain and functional difficulties may contribute to emotional strain.

Common psychological symptoms include:

  • Anxiety

  • Depression

  • Physical symptoms that are linked to emotional distress (somatization)

Addressing both physical and psychological aspects of TMJ disorder is important for recovery and overall well-being.

When to see a healthcare provider

Not all TMJ disorder symptoms require medical intervention. Many mild cases improve with rest, self-care, and stress management. However, you should see a healthcare provider if you experience:

  • Pain lasting more than three months

  • Difficulty opening or closing your mouth

  • Problems eating, talking, or performing daily tasks

  • Persistent or worsening symptoms despite home treatment

Depending on your symptoms, you may be referred to a primary care doctor, dentist, ENT specialist, or pain management provider.

Seek urgent medical attention if you experience:

  • Ongoing numbness or tingling

  • Excessive bleeding after a procedure

  • Sudden or severe facial swelling

  • Trouble breathing or swallowing

  • Fever or chills within 48 hours after surgery

These may indicate complications that require immediate care.

A quick review

TMJ disorder is a condition affecting the jaw joint, causing symptoms like jaw pain, facial discomfort, limited motion, clicking sounds, and difficulty chewing or speaking. While many cases resolve with time or conservative treatment, persistent or severe symptoms may need medical evaluation.

If TMJ disorder interferes with your quality of life, don’t wait to seek care. Early treatment can help relieve discomfort, prevent complications, and restore normal jaw function.