Signs and Symptoms of Headaches

Most people experience headaches occasionally. However, when headaches become frequent, it may indicate an underlying headache disorder. There are three primary types: migraines, tension headaches, and cluster headaches.

Each type requires different strategies for prevention and treatment, making it important to recognize the specific symptoms associated with each one.

Headache symptoms can vary widely in intensity and onset. Some develop gradually, while others occur suddenly and without warning. Understanding your headache patterns and recognizing the symptoms is crucial for identifying the type of headache you have and managing it effectively.

Common Symptoms

Despite their differences, migraines, tension headaches, and cluster headaches share some common features.

The most typical symptom is head pain. This pain can affect the entire head—including the back of the head, face, and scalp—or be localized to specific areas, such as one side of the head, behind the eyes, or around the cheeks. Neck and shoulder discomfort can also accompany headaches.

Migraine Symptoms

Migraines are often the most debilitating form of headache, impairing daily functioning and lasting anywhere from four to 72 hours.

Migraines typically progress through four stages: prodrome, aura, headache, and postdrome. Although experiences vary from person to person, general symptoms at each stage include:

Tension Headache Symptoms

Tension headaches are the most common type of headache, generally causing mild to moderate discomfort. They are typically shorter and less severe than migraines.

Common signs include:

• Head pain on both sides

• Aching in the temples

• Neck and shoulder pain

• Dull, non-throbbing pain

• A sensation of tightness around the head, similar to wearing a headband
   

Cluster Headache Symptoms

Cluster headaches tend to have a sudden onset. They are more painful than tension headaches but generally less disabling than migraines.

Symptoms of cluster headaches may include:

• Sharp, stabbing pain on one side of the head lasting up to three hours

• Runny nose

• Nasal congestion

• Facial sweating or warm skin

• Restlessness

• Drooping eyelid, tearing, or eye redness
   

Headache Symptoms in Children

Children can also experience headaches. Studies show that about 75% of children between the ages of 10 and 18 report having at least one headache each year.

Symptoms in children are usually similar to those in adults. However, children can also experience abdominal migraines—a type of migraine characterized by stomach pain, nausea, appetite loss, and sensitivity to light or sound, without typical head pain.

Children with a family history of migraines are at a higher risk of abdominal migraines, and while some outgrow migraine attacks, others may continue to experience traditional migraines into adulthood.

When to See a Healthcare Provider

While occasional headaches are not usually cause for concern, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider if:

• Headaches occur multiple times per week

• They interfere with daily activities such as work, school, or social events

• They persist despite over-the-counter treatments

• They are accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or light sensitivity

You should seek emergency care if you or someone you know experiences:

• A sudden, severe headache (possible sign of a stroke)

• Fever, nausea, or vomiting accompanying a headache

• Loss of vision

• Shortness of breath

• Weakness or numbness in limbs

• Loss of consciousness

• Severe pain following a head injury
   

Summary

Headaches are common and can manifest in various ways, depending on the type. Migraines are typically the most severe, cluster headaches are extremely painful but shorter, and tension headaches are the most frequent and tolerable.

In addition to head pain, other symptoms such as neck discomfort, nausea, dizziness, visual disturbances, and sensitivity to light or noise may occur. Recognizing these symptoms is essential for diagnosing the type of headache disorder you may have, which will guide you and your healthcare provider toward effective prevention and treatment options.