As of November 2024, the most common symptoms of the predominant COVID-19 variants—KP.3.1.1 and XEC—remain similar to earlier strains. Symptoms include fever, chills, sore throat, body aches, loss of taste or smell, cough, runny nose, headache, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. These symptoms can begin two to fourteen days after exposure and may last several days to weeks.

Evolution of COVID-19 Variants

The COVID-19 pandemic began with the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in 2019. Like other viruses, it has evolved over time, giving rise to various mutations known as variants. Some variants became widespread while others faded away. The symptoms of COVID-19 can vary depending on the variant involved, as well as factors like vaccination status, age, and underlying health conditions.

Current Predominant COVID Variants

As of late 2024, KP.3.1.1 is the most widespread variant in the U.S., responsible for about 60% of infections. However, the XEC variant—an offshoot of two JN.1 lineages—is gaining traction and is expected to become dominant during the 2024–2025 winter season. Other variants like MC.1, a descendant of KP.3.1.1, are also increasing in prevalence.

Earlier in 2024, JN.1 dominated COVID cases, making up over 95% in March. JN.1 is a descendant of BA.2.86, itself a subvariant of the well-known Omicron strain.

Common COVID Symptoms (2024–2025)

Current variants such as KP.3.1.1, XEC, and MC.1 are believed to be more contagious but may lead to less severe illness compared to earlier strains. These variants tend to have a shorter incubation period. Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 14 days after exposure and may include:

  • Congestion or stuffy nose

  • Cough

  • Diarrhea

  • Fatigue

  • Fever or chills

  • Headache

  • Loss of smell or taste

  • Muscle aches

  • Nausea or vomiting

  • Runny nose

  • Shortness of breath

  • Sneezing

  • Sore throat

Previous COVID Variants

Over time, various COVID-19 variants have emerged and declined in prevalence. Although current infections are mostly linked to the dominant strains, older variants may still be present depending on regional spread and contact patterns.

HV.1 Variant

HV.1, a variant of Omicron, was dominant in the U.S. until late 2023. It is highly contagious but not associated with severe illness in most cases. Symptoms are similar to those seen in current circulating variants.

BA.2.86 Variant ("Pirola")

This subvariant of BA.2, though not widespread, has been labeled a "variant of concern" due to its potential for higher transmission and immune escape. It shares common symptoms with other variants.

JG.3 Variant

A descendant of the EG.5 (“Eris”) strain, JG.3 had minimal presence in the U.S. in early 2024. It is not linked to increased severity and produces symptoms typical of Omicron subvariants.

BA.2 Variant

BA.2, once dominant globally in 2022, has become rare. It was significantly more transmissible than earlier variants but caused fewer hospitalizations. Its incubation period was about 3.5 days and symptomatically resembled other Omicron strains.

JD.1.1 Variant

This variant emerged in April 2023 and gained some traction but declined by early 2024. It is similar in behavior and symptoms to other Omicron subvariants.

HK.3 Variant

Peaking in late 2023, HK.3 has since declined in prevalence. While not more severe, it may carry a higher reinfection risk. Symptoms remain consistent with other circulating COVID strains.

How To Protect Yourself

COVID-19 spreads primarily through airborne particles and respiratory droplets. To reduce your risk of infection, consider these preventive measures:

  • Get vaccinated and stay up to date with booster shots

  • Improve ventilation by opening windows or using air purifiers

  • Maintain distance from people with symptoms or confirmed COVID

  • Wash hands frequently, especially before touching your face or eating

  • Wear a mask in crowded or enclosed spaces, especially if you or someone around you is at higher risk

Caregivers for vulnerable individuals should take additional precautions, such as masking and frequent handwashing.

When To Contact a Healthcare Provider

Prompt medical attention is important if symptoms become severe or if you're in a high-risk group (e.g., adults over 50, those with chronic diseases, or immunocompromised individuals).

Contact your provider if you develop:

  • Fatigue

  • Fever

  • Muscle aches

  • Persistent or worsening cough

  • Lethargy

  • Severe diarrhea

Seek immediate medical help or call emergency services if you experience:

  • Difficulty breathing

  • Chest pain or pressure

  • Confusion

  • Trouble staying awake

  • Blue, gray, or pale skin, lips, or nail beds

  • Inability to concentrate

Questions To Ask Your Provider

If you're diagnosed with COVID-19 or have symptoms, consider asking:

  • How long will my symptoms likely last?

  • When can I return to work, school, or public activities?

  • What is the current quarantine recommendation?

  • Are there treatments available for my symptoms or condition?

A Quick Review

Since its emergence in 2019, COVID-19 has evolved through multiple variants. As of late 2024, KP.3.1.1 remains the most common variant, but XEC is quickly becoming dominant. Most variants now circulating share a similar symptom profile, including fever, cough, congestion, fatigue, and loss of taste or smell.

To protect yourself, follow recommended public health practices—get vaccinated, avoid exposure, practice good hygiene, and isolate if you are sick. If symptoms worsen or persist beyond a few days, consult a healthcare provider, especially if you are in a high-risk group.