Constipation is one of the most common digestive complaints worldwide. It occurs when bowel movements happen less often than usual, or when stools become hard, dry, and difficult to pass. While occasional constipation is usually harmless, persistent or severe symptoms may signal an underlying health problem.

Understanding the signs and symptoms of constipation is the first step to addressing the issue effectively.

Very Few Bowel Movements

There is no universal definition of how many bowel movements (BMs) per week is "normal." Some people comfortably poop one or two times a day, while others may only go every other day without issues.

However, constipation is typically defined as having fewer than three bowel movements per week.

  • Short-term constipation often resolves on its own with increased hydration, more fiber intake, and light physical activity.

  • Chronic constipation, by contrast, is defined as having fewer than three bowel movements per week for six months or longer. This may require medical assessment and treatment.

Dry, Hard Stools

When your stools appear dry, hard, or lumpy, constipation is likely the cause. Stools may look:

  • Small and pellet-like (sometimes described as "rabbit droppings")

  • Hard and rough in texture

  • Painful or sharp to pass

This happens because the colon absorbs too much water during digestion. The longer stool sits in the colon, the drier and harder it becomes. Dehydration is the most common reason for this symptom.

Difficulty Passing Stools

Constipation often makes bowel movements difficult or uncomfortable. You may notice:

  • Straining or squeezing during pooping

  • Spending longer periods sitting on the toilet

  • Pain when passing stools, especially if they are dry and hard

  • In severe cases, the need to manually remove stool from the rectum with your fingers (known as digital evacuation)

This difficulty can also cause secondary issues like anal fissures (small tears) or hemorrhoids due to repeated straining.

A Feeling of "Blockage"

Many people with constipation describe the sensation of being "backed up" or blocked in the rectum or stomach.

This feeling of blockage can lead to:

  • Abdominal pain

  • Bloating

  • The constant urge to go, even after finishing a bowel movement

Doctors often call this the sensation of incomplete evacuation—feeling like stool remains in the rectum even after pooping.

Symptoms of Constipation in Children

Constipation is also common in children, though the signs may look different, especially before they can communicate effectively. Parents should look for these warning symptoms:

  • Fewer than two bowel movements per week

  • Lumpy, hard, or dry stools

  • Avoiding the bathroom (clenching buttocks, standing on tiptoes, rocking in place)

  • Bedwetting or daytime accidents

  • A swollen belly

  • Diarrhea-like streaks in underwear (caused by stool leakage around impacted stool)

Recognizing constipation early in children can help prevent complications like fecal impaction or emotional stress during toilet training.

When Constipation Is a Concern

Occasional constipation is usually not a cause for alarm. But sometimes, constipation signals a more serious problem.

Seek medical care if you experience:

  • Blood in your stool

  • Rectal bleeding

  • Severe or constant abdominal pain

  • Unexplained weight loss

  • Persistent vomiting

  • Lower back pain

  • Difficulty passing gas

  • Extreme bloating or swelling in the abdomen

  • Fever alongside constipation

These symptoms may point to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), bowel obstruction, or even colorectal cancer. Early medical evaluation is essential.

Possible Causes of Constipation

Constipation doesn’t happen without a reason. The most common causes include:

  • Low fiber intake: Fiber adds bulk to stool and makes it easier to pass.

  • Dehydration: Not drinking enough water hardens stools.

  • Sedentary lifestyle: Lack of physical activity slows down intestinal motility.

  • Medications: Painkillers, antidepressants, and antacids may cause constipation.

  • Underlying conditions: Diabetes, pelvic floor dysfunction, spinal cord injuries, or gastrointestinal disorders.

By identifying the root cause, you can better manage or prevent constipation.

A Quick Review

Constipation symptoms range from infrequent bowel movements to dry, hard stools, straining, pain, and a constant feeling of blockage. Children may show signs like bedwetting, swollen bellies, or avoiding bathroom trips.

Most cases are temporary and improve with lifestyle changes like hydration, more fiber, and regular exercise. However, persistent or severe constipation—especially with blood, weight loss, or abdominal pain—warrants medical attention.