Cellulitis is a bacterial infection that affects the deeper layers of the skin and the tissues beneath. It is a common condition, with millions of cases reported each year in the United States. Cellulitis typically begins as a discolored, tender, and swollen patch of skin that may be painful to the touch. Many people also experience systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, or fatigue.
The infection can develop anywhere on the body but most often occurs on the legs, feet, arms, and hands. In some cases, it can also affect the face, particularly around the eyes—a condition known as orbital or ocular cellulitis.
If left untreated, cellulitis can spread and potentially enter the bloodstream, leading to sepsis, which is a life-threatening medical emergency.
Discoloration Of The Skin
skin color changes
One of the hallmark symptoms of cellulitis is discoloration around the affected area. This may appear as a red or pink patch on people with lighter skin tones and as purple, gray, or dark brown patches in people with darker skin tones.
blotchy or spreading appearance
In some individuals, the discolored skin may appear blotchy, with red areas mixed with paler patches. This discoloration tends to expand as the infection spreads, which is why healthcare providers may mark the edges with a pen to track changes.
Temperature Of The Skin
warm to the touch
The skin over the infected area often feels warmer than the surrounding skin. This is due to the body’s immune response, which increases blood flow to fight the infection.
Swelling
inflammation-related swelling
Swelling is a common reaction to infection and may affect a small area or a large section of the body, depending on how much the infection has spread.
tight or shiny skin
If swelling becomes significant, the skin may appear shiny and feel tight. In some cases, pressing the area may leave an indentation—a condition known as pitting edema.
elevation helps
Raising the affected area above the level of the heart can help reduce swelling, such as resting a swollen leg on pillows.
Other Skin Changes
blisters or texture changes
If cellulitis worsens, other skin changes may develop. This may include blistering or a thickened, dimpled texture known as peau d’orange (French for “orange peel”), which can be a warning sign of progression.
Pain And Tenderness
localized pain
The infected area is usually painful or tender to the touch. If the pain suddenly worsens or if there is tingling or numbness, this could be a sign of a serious complication.
warning for compartment syndrome
Infections in limbs that cause intense swelling and pain could indicate compartment syndrome—a dangerous condition where increased pressure inside muscle compartments restricts blood flow and requires immediate medical attention.
Systemic Symptoms Of Infection
whole-body effects
In addition to localized symptoms, cellulitis may cause general signs of infection throughout the body. These can resemble flu-like symptoms and may include:
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Malaise or general unwellness
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Fatigue
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Fever, chills, or shivering
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Swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy)
Symptoms Of Sepsis
when infection spreads to the bloodstream
If the bacteria causing cellulitis enter the bloodstream, they can trigger sepsis—a life-threatening immune reaction. Signs to watch for include:
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Weak or rapid pulse
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Clammy or sweaty skin
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Severe pain
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Fever or chills
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Shortness of breath
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Confusion or disorientation
Sepsis requires emergency medical treatment. If you experience these symptoms, seek help immediately.
When To See A Healthcare Provider
If you suspect you have cellulitis, contact a healthcare provider as soon as possible. Early treatment with antibiotics can resolve the infection quickly. However, delaying treatment increases the risk of complications.
You should seek medical care right away if:
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You have fever or chills
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The redness is spreading rapidly
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Pain becomes severe
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You suspect signs of sepsis
A Quick Review
Cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection that causes redness, swelling, warmth, and pain in the affected area. If treated early, it usually responds well to antibiotics. However, if left untreated, cellulitis can lead to serious complications, including sepsis and compartment syndrome. Recognizing the symptoms early and seeking timely care are essential to recovery.