What Is Red Wine?

Red wine is a globally consumed beverage made from fermented dark-colored grapes. It contains alcohol, water, natural acids, and a rich array of antioxidants—most notably polyphenols like resveratrol, which have been linked to potential heart and brain health benefits.

Although excessive alcohol intake is associated with negative health outcomes, studies suggest that light to moderate red wine consumption, particularly when part of a Mediterranean diet, may contribute positively to certain aspects of health.

Health Benefits of Red Wine

May Reduce the Risk of Heart Disease

Red wine contains over 200 polyphenols, including resveratrol, catechins, flavonols, anthocyanins, and procyanidins. These antioxidants may work together to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, helping protect the heart.

Some research shows that moderate red wine intake may lower LDL ("bad") cholesterol oxidation and raise HDL ("good") cholesterol, potentially lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease. These effects appear to be more significant when wine is consumed as part of a balanced diet rich in plant-based foods.

Can Lower Blood Pressure

The evidence on red wine and blood pressure is mixed. While excessive alcohol raises blood pressure, certain compounds in red wine may improve endothelial function and increase nitric oxide, helping blood vessels relax and potentially reducing blood pressure.

One study involving men with diabetes showed that moderate red wine consumption temporarily reduced blood pressure, but more research is needed to confirm this effect in broader populations.

Could Help Prevent H. Pylori

Flavonoids in red wine possess antibacterial properties that may help protect against Helicobacter pylori, a bacteria linked to stomach ulcers and gastric cancer. These compounds may also support digestive health by helping maintain a balanced gut microbiome.

Some polyphenols in wine may also have probiotic-like effects, promoting beneficial gut bacteria and potentially protecting against intestinal inflammation.

Might Protect Against Certain Cancers

Resveratrol and other red wine polyphenols may offer protective effects against some types of cancer, especially metastatic and hormone-related cancers. These compounds may help regulate cellular growth and reduce oxidative stress, potentially lowering cancer risk.

However, since alcohol itself is classified as a carcinogen when consumed in excess, moderation is key. Drinking red wine should never be viewed as a primary cancer prevention strategy.

Shows Evidence of Supporting Brain Health

Polyphenols in red wine may cross the blood-brain barrier and provide antioxidant protection to brain cells. They may help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain, possibly delaying cognitive decline and improving memory.

Quercetin, a key polyphenol in red wine, has been studied for its role in protecting against Alzheimer’s disease. However, because red wine contains alcohol, more research is needed to understand the balance of risk and benefit for brain health.

May Help Manage Blood Sugar Levels

Moderate red wine intake has been associated with improved insulin sensitivity and better blood sugar regulation, particularly in people at high risk for cardiovascular disease.

One study showed that red wine consumption helped reduce insulin resistance in men, while another found lower blood sugar levels in older adults who drank moderate amounts of wine compared to non-drinkers. Still, individual responses vary, and red wine should be approached cautiously in diabetes management.

Nutritional Facts

A 5-ounce serving of red wine contains:

  • Calories: 125

  • Fat: 0 g

  • Sodium: 5.88 mg

  • Carbohydrates: 3.84 g

  • Sugar: 0.91 g

  • Protein: 0.10 g

  • Alcohol: 15.6 g

  • Water: 127 g

  • Potassium: 187 mg (3.9% DV)

  • Riboflavin (B2): 0.046 mg (3.5% DV)

  • Vitamin B6: 0.084 mg (6.5% DV)

While red wine provides trace amounts of B vitamins and minerals, its primary health-promoting components are its polyphenols. The levels of these antioxidants vary depending on grape variety, fermentation process, and wine aging.

Health guidelines advise limiting alcohol to one drink per day for people assigned female at birth and two drinks per day for people assigned male at birth—on days alcohol is consumed.

Risks of Drinking Red Wine

Roughly 10% of people may experience allergic reactions or sensitivities to wine. Symptoms can include nasal congestion, skin flushing, headaches, or even more severe responses due to compounds such as histamines, sulfites, or proteins from grapes and yeasts.

Red wine may also trigger migraines in some individuals due to its higher levels of catechins and anthocyanins.

Medication Interactions

Alcohol, including red wine, can interfere with how medications are absorbed and metabolized in the body. It may amplify the effects of certain drugs or hinder their efficacy.

This is especially relevant for medications such as:

  • Antibiotics

  • Antidepressants

  • Pain relievers

  • Sedatives and sleep aids

  • Muscle relaxants

  • Blood pressure and cholesterol medications

  • Anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin)

People over age 65 are particularly at risk due to polypharmacy (taking multiple medications) and age-related changes in liver function. It's important to consult your healthcare provider before drinking alcohol if you take any prescription drugs.

A Quick Review

Red wine is rich in antioxidants like resveratrol, which may support heart health, reduce inflammation, aid brain function, and help with blood sugar regulation. When consumed in moderation as part of a Mediterranean diet, it may contribute to longevity and reduced disease risk.

However, if you don’t currently drink alcohol, it’s not necessary to start—similar antioxidant benefits can be found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and other polyphenol-rich foods without the risks of alcohol.