Why Complications Occur

Gastroparesis slows or stops the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine, leading to prolonged food retention. Over time, this delayed emptying can cause nutritional deficiencies, blood sugar imbalances, and other serious health issues.
Understanding the possible complications and how to prevent them is critical for maintaining health and quality of life.

Malnutrition

When the stomach empties slowly, it becomes difficult to consume enough calories and absorb essential nutrients.
Risks include:

  • Vitamin and mineral deficiencies (especially vitamins B12, D, A, and iron)

  • Muscle loss

  • Weakened immunity

Prevention tips:

  • Eat smaller, more frequent meals.

  • Include nutrient-dense foods and liquid supplements.

  • Work with a dietitian to tailor a nutrition plan.

Dehydration

Frequent vomiting or poor fluid intake due to nausea can lead to dehydration.
Warning signs:

  • Dry mouth

  • Dizziness

  • Low urine output

Prevention tips:

  • Sip fluids throughout the day.

  • Use electrolyte drinks during severe symptom flare-ups.

  • Seek medical care for persistent vomiting.

Bezoar Formation

A bezoar is a solid mass of undigested food trapped in the stomach.
Risks include:

  • Worsening nausea and vomiting

  • Intestinal blockage

  • Stomach ulcers

Prevention tips:

  • Avoid high-fiber foods that are hard to digest.

  • Chew food thoroughly.

  • Follow dietary recommendations from your healthcare provider.

Blood Sugar Fluctuations

Gastroparesis can make blood sugar levels unpredictable, especially for people with diabetes.
Complications:

  • Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

  • Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

  • Increased risk of diabetes complications

Prevention tips:

  • Monitor glucose frequently.

  • Adjust meal timing and medication with your doctor’s guidance.

  • Focus on balanced, low-glycemic meals.

Weight Loss

Unintentional weight loss occurs due to reduced calorie intake and poor nutrient absorption.
Risks include:

  • Weakness and fatigue

  • Lower resistance to infections

  • Slow wound healing

Prevention tips:

  • Include calorie-rich smoothies or purees.

  • Add healthy fats in small amounts if tolerated.

  • Consider liquid nutritional supplements.

Bacterial Overgrowth

When food lingers in the stomach and intestines, bacteria can multiply excessively.
Consequences:

  • Bloating

  • Gas

  • Abdominal pain

Prevention tips:

  • Avoid foods that ferment easily.

  • Treat bacterial overgrowth promptly with medical supervision.

  • Maintain good oral hygiene to reduce bacterial transfer.

Esophagitis and GERD

Delayed gastric emptying increases the risk of acid reflux, which can inflame the esophagus (esophagitis).
Prevention tips:

  • Eat smaller meals and avoid lying down afterward.

  • Elevate the head of your bed.

  • Use medications for acid control as prescribed.

Poor Quality of Life

Chronic symptoms such as pain, bloating, and nausea can lead to social withdrawal, anxiety, and depression.
Prevention tips:

  • Seek support from mental health professionals.

  • Join support groups for gastroparesis patients.

  • Engage in gentle physical activity to boost mood and digestion.

Hospitalization

Severe flare-ups may require hospital care for IV fluids, medications, or feeding support.
Prevention tips:

  • Stick to your treatment plan consistently.

  • Identify and avoid known food triggers.

  • Seek early medical attention when symptoms worsen.

Complications in Pregnancy

Gastroparesis can be challenging during pregnancy, increasing risks of malnutrition for both mother and baby.
Prevention tips:

  • Work closely with an obstetrician familiar with gastroparesis.

  • Follow a modified diet with high-nutrient soft or liquid foods.

  • Monitor weight gain and nutrient levels regularly.

Preventing Long-Term Damage

Many complications can be avoided by:

  • Following medical and dietary advice

  • Keeping regular check-ups with a gastroenterologist

  • Making lifestyle changes to improve digestion

  • Managing coexisting conditions such as diabetes and hypothyroidism

Final Thoughts

Gastroparesis can cause serious complications if left unmanaged, but with proactive care, most of these risks can be minimized. By focusing on nutrition, hydration, blood sugar control, and regular monitoring, patients can maintain better health and a higher quality of life.