Women may experience unique symptoms of HIV. In its early stages, HIV often causes flu-like symptoms that appear in both men and women. Over time, however, HIV in women may lead to changes such as altered menstrual cycles and more frequent vaginal infections.

HIV is an infection that attacks immune system cells called CD4 cells. If left untreated, it can progress to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which increases the risk of serious infections.

HIV Symptoms In Women

Several health changes related to HIV are specific to people assigned female at birth. While complications may not appear immediately, they can develop over time.

Bone Loss
Women with HIV often experience faster bone loss than women without HIV. Because women already lose bone more quickly after menopause, HIV may worsen this natural process.

Early Menopause
Women with HIV tend to enter menopause earlier than average. Menopause is marked by the absence of menstrual periods for at least 12 months. Symptoms such as hot flashes, which cause sudden waves of heat in the body, can be more severe in women with HIV.

Menstrual Cycle Changes
HIV may cause missed periods, heavier or lighter bleeding, and more severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms. These can include cramps, bloating, headaches, backaches, irritability, or sleep changes.

HIV Symptoms In Transgender Women

In the U.S., transgender women account for a small but significant percentage of new HIV cases. Transgender women may face unique challenges, including discrimination in healthcare and concerns about interactions between HIV medicines and gender-affirming hormone treatments.

Research suggests that transgender women with HIV may face more severe bone loss and a higher risk of heart disease. These barriers can lower treatment adherence, making it important for providers to deliver gender-affirming care and adjust treatment accordingly.

Common HIV Progression

HIV typically progresses in stages: acute, chronic, and AIDS if untreated.

Acute HIV Symptoms
Within two to four weeks after infection, many people experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, fatigue, sore throat, rash, mouth ulcers, or swollen lymph nodes.

Chronic HIV Symptoms
This stage is also called asymptomatic HIV infection. People may feel well for years even as the virus continues to multiply at low levels. Without treatment, chronic HIV may last up to a decade before progressing to AIDS.

AIDS Symptoms
When CD4 counts fall below a certain level, HIV becomes AIDS. Symptoms include rapid weight loss, recurring fevers, chronic diarrhea, pneumonia, neurological problems, and unusual skin blotches. Without treatment, people with AIDS usually survive only a few years. With antiretroviral therapy, life expectancy can be extended for many years.

Related Conditions

HIV weakens the immune system, increasing the risk of additional health issues:

  • Cervical Cancer: HIV raises the risk of HPV infection, which can cause cervical cancer.

  • Flu And Pneumonia: People with HIV are more vulnerable to complications from seasonal flu.

  • Heart Disease: HIV and certain HIV medicines may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

  • Hepatitis: People with HIV are at greater risk of hepatitis infections and may benefit from vaccinations and regular testing.

  • Kidney Disease: HIV can damage kidney cells and impair function.

  • Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP): A fungal infection more likely to occur in people with weakened immune systems.

  • Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): HIV increases the risk and severity of STIs such as herpes or pelvic inflammatory disease.

  • Vaginal Yeast Infections: Chronic HIV may cause frequent and recurring yeast infections.

Special Considerations For Women With HIV

Pregnancy And Breastfeeding
HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. However, with proper treatment and precautions, the risk can be reduced to less than 1%. Pregnant women with HIV should take antiretroviral therapy to protect both themselves and their babies.

HIV Medicine Complications
Women may experience stronger side effects from HIV medications, such as nausea, rashes, and vomiting. Some HIV drugs may also interfere with hormonal birth control, increasing the risk of unintended pregnancy. Healthcare providers may recommend additional contraceptive methods.

When To See A Healthcare Provider

If you suspect exposure to HIV, consult a healthcare provider and request a blood test. Early symptoms like fever or sore throat may mimic other illnesses, so testing is the only way to know for sure.

Even without early symptoms, testing is essential if you believe you have been exposed. Early diagnosis allows treatment to begin sooner, reducing complications and lowering transmission risk.

How To Practice Safer Sex

Practicing safer sex reduces the risk of spreading HIV and other STIs. Steps include:

  • Getting regular STI screenings

  • Using condoms, dental dams, or gloves during sexual activity

  • Washing hands and sex toys before and after use

  • Avoiding alcohol or drug use before sex, as it may impair judgment

A Quick Review

HIV in women may cause unique symptoms such as early menopause, menstrual changes, and frequent vaginal infections. Over time, untreated HIV can progress to AIDS and increase the risk of severe health complications.

Early testing and treatment with antiretroviral therapy help keep HIV under control, improve quality of life, and reduce the risk of spreading the virus.