Chilblains, also known as pernio, occur when small, itchy, inflamed patches develop on the skin after exposure to cold, damp, or even dry environments. These lesions can also appear following infections like COVID-19 or hepatitis.
The affected skin often appears red, purple, or dark blue and may blister or break open if untreated. Symptoms like burning, tenderness, and severe itching are common. While mild cases typically heal within a few days to four weeks, more persistent lesions might need medical treatment.
Immediate Actions To Ease Chilblain Symptoms
Taking early steps can help reduce discomfort and prevent complications. If you develop chilblains, you should:
- Avoid further cold exposure and keep the affected area dry, clean, and warm.
- Cover the area with a loose, soft dressing to avoid irritation from tight clothing.
- Consider using a higher-potency steroid cream if recommended, although research on its effectiveness is mixed.
- Apply a 1% hydrocortisone cream to soothe irritation, but only if the skin isn't cracked.
These measures can prevent worsening symptoms like blistering, open wounds, and secondary infections.
Home Remedies and Self-Care for Chilblains
Acting quickly at home is important to promote healing and avoid complications. Some useful home care tips include:
- Applying an antiseptic to any broken skin to reduce infection risk.
- Using soothing agents like calamine lotion or witch hazel to relieve itching and inflammation.
- Trying a gluten-free diet if chilblains occur frequently. Some studies suggest a potential benefit, though more research is needed.
- Vitamin D and vitamin K supplements have been used by some people, but evidence supporting their effectiveness remains limited.
Medical Treatments for More Severe Chilblains
When home treatments are insufficient, healthcare providers may prescribe medications. Common medical options include:
- Topical corticosteroids: Medium to high-potency corticosteroid creams may help relieve inflammation, though clinical studies show mixed results. Use should be monitored to avoid side effects from long-term application.
- Calcium channel blockers: Medications like nifedipine (sold under names like Procardia and Adalat) are sometimes prescribed to improve blood flow and prevent chilblain recurrence.
- Pentoxifylline: Although approved for treating muscle pain due to poor circulation, this medication is sometimes used off-label to manage inflammatory skin issues, including chilblains. Research suggests it is generally safe and well-tolerated.
How To Prevent Chilblains
Preventative strategies focus on protecting the skin from cold exposure and improving circulation. Steps you can take include:
- Quitting smoking: Smoking narrows blood vessels, making chilblains more likely during cold weather.
- Staying warm: Always wear gloves, socks, and appropriate clothing to shield your extremities from cold, damp, or dry environments.
- Staying active: Regular physical movement improves blood flow and helps prevent cold-induced injuries.
When To Consult a Healthcare Provider
Chilblains are usually diagnosed through a physical examination. Your doctor may ask about your symptoms and cold exposure history. If necessary, they may order blood tests, including:
- Serum protein electrophoresis: To check specific proteins in the blood.
- Antinuclear antibody tests: To screen for autoimmune disorders.
- Serum cryoglobulin tests: To detect abnormal proteins associated with immune system issues.
In cases where chilblains are resistant to treatment or become chronic, your doctor might perform a biopsy to rule out other skin conditions. If you notice blisters, open sores, significant swelling, or pain that doesn't improve with home care, seek medical attention promptly.
Final Thoughts
Chilblains are an inflammatory reaction resulting in small, itchy skin lesions caused by cold exposure. Early treatment with antiseptics, calming lotions like witch hazel, and keeping the affected skin protected is key to recovery.
If symptoms worsen or signs of infection develop, contacting a healthcare provider ensures you get the proper medical support needed for healing.
.png)
