Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, primarily affecting motor function and causing symptoms such as tremors, slow and interrupted movements, postural instability, and joint rigidity. The exact causes of Parkinson’s disease remain unknown, and while there is no cure, certain methods may help reduce the risk of its onset and slow its progression.

This article outlines who is most at risk, the genetic factors involved, and approaches that may help in Parkinson’s disease prevention.

Who Is Most at Risk?

Parkinson’s disease affects about 0.3% of the population over 40 years old and impacts approximately 94 out of every 100,000 individuals. Several factors are known to increase the risk, including older age, sex assigned at birth, environmental exposures, dietary factors, and the presence of comorbid conditions.

Older Age:
The likelihood of developing Parkinson’s disease increases significantly with age. It is very rare before the age of 50, but the risk grows considerably after the age of 60. Around three-quarters of all cases are diagnosed in individuals aged 65 or older. This has been linked to the age-related degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain.

Sex:
Individuals assigned male at birth are more likely to develop Parkinson’s disease than those assigned female at birth, with studies suggesting that men are about 1.4 times more likely to be affected. Hormonal differences, such as the potential protective effects of estrogen, may contribute to this disparity.

Environmental Exposure:
Exposure to environmental substances like pesticides, nitrogen dioxide, and heavy metals such as copper, manganese, or lead may increase the risk. Reduced exposure to sunlight has also been suggested as a factor. These contaminants can impact dopamine production and motor function, though the precise mechanisms are still under investigation.

Dietary Factors:
A high dietary intake of iron has been associated with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease. This may lead to oxidative stress, where the body’s ability to manage reactive oxygen species diminishes, potentially damaging brain cells responsible for motor control. Additionally, lower vitamin D levels have been observed in individuals with Parkinson’s disease, suggesting a potential link between prolonged vitamin D deficiency and the loss of dopamine-producing neurons.

Comorbid Conditions:
Certain medical histories can also increase risk:

  • Obesity: Individuals with obesity, defined by a BMI of 30 or higher, have been linked to reduced dopamine receptors, contributing to the risk of Parkinson’s disease.
  • Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Past brain injuries are associated with the degeneration of neurons tied to motor control.
  • Diabetes Mellitus: There may be a connection between diabetes and Parkinson’s due to hormonal imbalances that affect dopamine regulation.
  • Cancer: A history of melanoma or prostate cancer has been associated with increased activity of genes linked to Parkinson’s disease development.

Genetics

While environmental and lifestyle factors are important, genetics also play a significant role. Some forms of Parkinson’s disease are inherited and caused by mutations in specific genes such as SNCA and LRRK2. Inherited forms may follow an autosomal dominant or recessive pattern, depending on whether one or both parents carry the defective gene.

However, having a genetic mutation does not guarantee that a person will develop Parkinson’s disease. It is estimated that genetics contribute to about 30% of the overall risk, meaning other environmental or lifestyle factors are also involved.

How to Reduce Risk

While Parkinson’s disease is difficult to treat and there is no cure, early diagnosis and proactive management are crucial. Several strategies may help reduce the risk and slow progression.

Neurological Tests:
There is no single definitive test for Parkinson’s disease. Diagnosis typically involves a thorough review of medical history and neurological testing, such as:

  • Repetitive movement tests to evaluate motor coordination
  • Observations for spontaneous and uncontrolled movements
  • Tremor assessments during periods of rest
  • Rigidity screening to assess muscle stiffness
  • Pull tests to evaluate balance and postural stability

Genetic Tests:
In cases where genetic involvement is suspected, genetic testing can help identify mutations associated with Parkinson’s disease. This is particularly useful for individuals with a family history of the condition.

Exercise:
Regular physical activity is widely recognized for its protective effects. Exercise during midlife and later years has been linked to a significantly reduced risk of Parkinson’s disease. Activities that include aerobic exercise, strength training, and balance exercises not only lower the risk but also improve motor function, gait, and overall strength in individuals already diagnosed.

Diet:
Dietary changes may also contribute to prevention efforts:

  • Mediterranean Diet: A diet rich in vegetables, fruits, nuts, whole grains, and healthy fats may help delay the onset of symptoms.
  • Reducing Dairy Intake: Lower consumption of dairy products has been associated with reduced risk.
  • Increasing Caffeine Intake: Regular coffee or tea consumption may have a protective effect against Parkinson’s.
  • Reducing Alcohol Consumption: Limiting or eliminating alcohol intake is linked to various health benefits, including a lower risk of Parkinson’s.

Complementary Methods:


Complementary approaches like yoga, which emphasizes stretching, strength, and balance, may help maintain motor function and coordination. Research has suggested that yoga may slow the progression of Parkinson’s symptoms and support better overall physical function.

A Quick Review

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that impacts motor function, leading to symptoms like tremors, rigidity, and postural problems. While it cannot be completely prevented, understanding risk factors, pursuing early detection, and making strategic lifestyle changes can help delay its onset and manage progression.

If you notice symptoms or have concerns about Parkinson’s disease, consult with a healthcare provider. They can guide you through preventive measures, appropriate diagnostic testing, and effective management options.