Macular degeneration, or age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a form of vision loss that affects your ability to see clearly in the center of your visual field. Certain individuals are more likely to develop this condition, particularly those with a family history, people who smoke, or individuals with obesity. Although macular degeneration cannot be reversed or completely prevented, you can take several steps to reduce your risk or slow its progression.

AMD is one of the most common causes of vision loss in people over 60 and is a progressive disease, meaning it worsens over time. It occurs due to age-related changes in the macula, which is the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. While aging itself is unavoidable, identifying and managing other risk factors can help reduce your chances of developing AMD.

Who is most at risk?

Although macular degeneration can affect anyone, certain groups face a higher risk due to age, lifestyle, or genetics.

older adults

The likelihood of developing AMD increases with age. While a small percentage of people aged 40–44 may have AMD, this number rises dramatically in individuals over 85.

people who smoke

Smoking is a well-established risk factor. Harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke can damage the macula and restrict blood circulation in the eyes. Smoking also increases oxidative stress, which contributes to retinal damage.

those with excess body fat

Obesity, defined as a BMI (body mass index) of 30 or more, has been linked to a higher risk of AMD. Excess body fat is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and cholesterol imbalance—all of which may contribute to macular damage.

those with high blood pressure

Hypertension can harm blood vessels in the retina, which may lead to macular cell death and increase the likelihood of developing both geographic atrophy and wet AMD.

those with high cholesterol

Elevated cholesterol levels, especially HDL cholesterol, are associated with advanced forms of AMD. Cholesterol buildup contributes to the formation of drusen, which are early markers of the disease.

people with diabetes

Diabetes increases AMD risk due to complications such as diabetic retinopathy and systemic inflammation. Poor blood sugar control can result in oxidative stress and macular degeneration.

those with european ancestry

Studies show that individuals of European descent have higher rates of AMD across all stages compared to other racial and ethnic groups. Genetics may play a role, though more research is needed.

genetics

A family history of macular degeneration significantly increases your risk. Specific genes such as CFH and ARMS2 have been linked to the development and progression of AMD, although genetic testing is not currently standard practice in AMD prevention or treatment.

How to reduce risk

Although you can’t completely prevent macular degeneration, lifestyle changes and regular eye screenings can help reduce your risk and slow its development.

full optometric exam

If you're at high risk, schedule annual comprehensive eye exams. These tests assess your visual acuity and allow eye care providers to detect early signs of AMD.

slit lamp exam

This specialized test uses a bright light and microscope to inspect the macula for drusen or damage. Dilating eye drops may be used to enhance visibility during the exam.

quit smoking

If you smoke, quitting is one of the most effective ways to lower your risk. Seek support from a healthcare provider for guidance and cessation tools.

vitamin and mineral supplements

Supplements containing vitamins C and E, copper, zinc, lutein, and zeaxanthin—often sold as AREDS 2 formulas—may help slow the progression of AMD. Speak with your doctor before starting any new supplements.

dietary changes

Adopting a Mediterranean-style diet may lower your risk. This includes:

  • eating more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and legumes
  • using olive oil as the main source of fat
  • choosing lean proteins like fish and poultry
  • reducing red meat, sugar, and processed foods
  • limiting alcohol intake

Your provider can help you build a plan tailored to your needs.

physical activity

Aim for at least three hours of moderate activity each week. Walking, swimming, or light aerobic exercises can help control weight, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels.

treat co-occurring conditions

Managing chronic conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or obesity can reduce AMD risk. This may involve medications alongside lifestyle modifications.

protect your eyes

Wearing sunglasses that block UV rays and blue light may help protect your retina. Look for glasses labeled “UV 400” and wear them regularly in bright environments.

healthy sleep

Getting enough sleep—around 7 to 8 hours per night—can help protect your eyes. Too little or too much sleep may increase AMD risk. Keep a consistent sleep schedule and reduce screen use before bedtime.

discuss with your healthcare provider

If you have a family history of AMD or are concerned about your risk, talk with your optometrist or ophthalmologist. They can recommend personalized prevention strategies and help monitor your eye health regularly.

A quick review

Macular degeneration is a progressive eye condition that leads to loss of central vision, especially in older adults. Risk factors include smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. Preventive measures such as regular eye exams, a healthy diet, quitting smoking, physical activity, and managing chronic conditions can help reduce your risk or slow the disease’s progression.