How to Prevent Breast Cancer

Breast cancer happens when abnormal cells in the breast multiply uncontrollably, leading to tumor formation. If left untreated, these cancerous cells can spread to nearby tissues and distant parts of the body, causing more complications.

According to data from the American Cancer Society, breast cancer accounts for roughly one-third of all cancers diagnosed in people assigned female at birth each year. In 2024, approximately 310,720 new cases of invasive breast cancer—the most common type—are expected to be diagnosed in this group.

Although there is no guaranteed way to prevent breast cancer entirely, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk, including routine screenings and lifestyle adjustments.

Who is most at risk?

Breast cancer can develop in anyone at any stage of life, but certain people have a higher risk of developing the condition.

sex and gender factors
About 99% of all breast cancer cases occur in females, while less than 1% occur in males. This may be due to females having more breast cells that respond to estrogen and progesterone, hormones known to influence breast cancer development.

Current research into how breast cancer affects transgender individuals is limited, but studies suggest that hormone therapy plays a significant role. One study observed that trans women have a higher risk than cisgender men, while trans men have a lower risk than cisgender women.

age-related factors
Breast cancer is more prevalent in individuals over 45, suggesting that age is a major risk factor.

other risk factors

• Personal or family history of breast, ovarian, or other related cancers

• BRCA gene mutations

• Dense breast tissue

• Prior breast therapy

• Early onset of menstruation (before age 12)

• Giving birth for the first time after age 30 or never giving birth

• Use of birth control or hormone replacement therapy

How to reduce risk

While some risk factors like age and genetics are beyond your control, others can be managed through personal choices.

Getting screened

Regular breast cancer screenings are recommended starting at age 40 for people assigned female at birth. Common screening options include:

mammogram
An X-ray of the breast that can detect abnormalities before symptoms appear.

breast MRI and ultrasound
Used to provide a more detailed view, especially in people with dense breast tissue.

clinical breast exam
A physical examination by a healthcare provider to detect lumps or changes.

genetic testing
Checks for mutations in genes such as BRCA, which can increase cancer risk.

Although screenings are effective in early detection, they may lead to overdiagnosis or false positives. Despite this, mammograms every other year are still widely recommended for people over 40.

Updated screening guidelines

As of 2024, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends breast cancer screenings every two years for women between 40 and 74. Those at higher risk may need annual screenings or additional imaging.

Making lifestyle changes

Healthy habits can support cancer prevention efforts. Consider the following changes:

increase physical activity
Regular exercise helps reduce breast cancer risk, particularly among people with obesity or going through menopause. Aim for at least 150–300 minutes of moderate activity per week.

limit alcohol intake
Even small amounts of alcohol are linked to breast cancer. If you're at high risk, it’s best to avoid alcohol altogether.

choose medications wisely
Certain drugs, including some birth control options and hormone therapies, may raise breast cancer risk. Speak to your doctor about alternatives if you're concerned.

eat nutritious foods
Focus on a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and calcium while reducing processed meats and sugary foods. While research on diet and cancer is ongoing, healthier eating has overall benefits.

avoid smoking
Tobacco contains carcinogens that can cause harmful mutations. Quitting smoking reduces your risk of multiple cancers, including breast cancer.

maintain a healthy weight
Obesity, especially after menopause, is linked to increased risk. Diet and exercise can help, but consult your healthcare provider for a personalized weight management plan.

Taking medications

Some prescription medications may help lower breast cancer risk, especially in high-risk individuals:

raloxifene (Evista)
Blocks estrogen effects in breast tissue, reducing cancer susceptibility.

tamoxifen (Soltamox)
Works similarly to Evista and is often used for those undergoing menopause.

aromatase inhibitors (AIs)
Drugs like exemestane and anastrozole may reduce breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women.

Surgery and procedures

People with a very high risk—such as those with BRCA gene mutations—may choose preventive surgery.

ovary removal (oophorectomy)
Reduces estrogen production and lowers cancer risk.

preventive mastectomy
Surgical removal of one or both breasts to prevent breast cancer development.

These procedures are not foolproof and may have significant side effects. A thorough discussion with your healthcare provider is crucial before considering them.

Close observation

Some people are monitored closely rather than undergoing immediate treatment. This involves:

• Regular checkups every 6–12 months

• Screenings like mammograms or MRIs

• Ongoing evaluation of breast health and risk level

Discuss with your healthcare provider

If you’re uncertain about your breast cancer risk, talk to your healthcare provider. They can evaluate your personal and family history, lifestyle habits, and symptoms, and may recommend genetic testing or screenings.

Even if you already know your risk status, working with a medical team is vital. They can provide guidance on medications and preventive strategies tailored to your situation.

In addition, your healthcare provider can refer you to specialists, such as:

• registered dietitians, for personalized nutrition planning

• mental health professionals, to help with quitting smoking or alcohol use

A quick review

Breast cancer remains one of the most common cancers, particularly among people assigned female at birth. Risk factors include age, family history, and hormone use. While you can’t control some of these, lifestyle changes such as healthy eating, regular exercise, and routine screenings can help lower your risk.

If you're feeling anxious about your risk or need support, consult a healthcare provider. They can help you create a prevention plan that fits your unique needs and guide you toward the right resources for long-term health.