Dandruff is a widespread scalp condition that leads to itching and the buildup of skin flakes. These flakes—often white or yellowish—can appear in your hair or fall onto your shoulders. They are composed of dead skin cells that shed at an increased rate due to excess oil production on the scalp.

Several factors contribute to dandruff, including yeast overgrowth, reactions to hair products, and certain skin conditions. While dandruff isn't considered a serious medical issue, it can be irritating and affect your self-confidence. Fortunately, many effective over-the-counter and prescription treatments are available to help manage the condition.

This condition affects nearly half of adults globally. Although it’s mostly harmless, understanding its underlying causes and treatment options is essential for keeping symptoms under control.

Types of Dandruff

All forms of dandruff involve flaking, but each type stems from a different cause. Treatment may vary depending on the root issue.

dry skin dandruff: Caused by a dry scalp, this type is common in colder weather or due to the use of harsh shampoos that strip the scalp’s natural oils.

oily skin dandruff: Linked to excess sebum, this type often results in a greasy scalp and larger, yellow flakes.

fungus-related dandruff: Triggered by the overgrowth of Malassezia, a yeast naturally found on the skin, which thrives in oily environments and causes irritation and flaking.

skin condition-related dandruff: Conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, or seborrheic dermatitis can lead to skin cell buildup and flaking on the scalp.

Symptoms

Though dandruff typically affects the scalp, it can also show up in other areas like the eyebrows, beard, and upper chest.

common symptoms include:

  • white, gray, or yellowish flakes on the scalp or hair

  • itchy scalp

  • red, irritated skin patches on the scalp

  • greasy or crusty patches

Causes

Dandruff occurs when the scalp sheds dead skin cells faster than usual. Several elements can speed up this cell turnover.

malassezia overgrowth: This yeast feeds on oil and can multiply rapidly in oily conditions, leading to increased skin cell production and flaking.

scalp irritation: Chemicals in certain shampoos, dyes, or styling products may inflame the scalp, prompting excess skin cell production.

underlying skin disorders: Conditions such as seborrheic dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, or fungal infections like scalp ringworm can cause similar flaking.

Risk Factors

Multiple factors can make someone more susceptible to dandruff:

age: Teens and young adults are more likely to develop dandruff due to hormonal changes that affect oil production.

sex: People assigned male at birth tend to experience dandruff more frequently than those assigned female.

neurological conditions: Disorders like Parkinson’s disease or traumatic brain injury are linked to a higher risk.

hair care habits: Using irritating products, infrequent washing, or applying excessive heat or styling products can worsen symptoms.

climate: Cold, dry air can dry the scalp, while hot, humid weather encourages fungal overgrowth.

genetics: A family history of dandruff may increase your chances.

immune system: Individuals with weakened immunity are at higher risk.

lifestyle factors: High stress, alcohol consumption, and sugary diets may contribute to flare-ups.

Diagnosis

If dandruff becomes difficult to manage, a healthcare provider can examine your scalp to determine the cause. A visual inspection is usually sufficient, but occasionally a skin biopsy may be done to rule out other conditions.

your provider may assess:

  • The type and amount of flakes

  • Presence of redness or irritation

  • Your hair care routine and recent product changes

Treatment

Although dandruff cannot be permanently cured, many treatment options can help reduce symptoms.

for mild cases: Simply washing your hair daily with a gentle shampoo may help control oil and skin buildup.

for persistent cases: Medicated shampoos available over the counter often contain active ingredients designed to combat the root causes of dandruff.

common active ingredients:

  • zinc pyrithione: Reduces fungal growth and normalizes skin cell turnover.

  • coal tar: Slows down how quickly skin cells die and flake off.

  • selenium sulfide: Controls yeast overgrowth and skin cell renewal.

  • salicylic acid: Helps exfoliate the scalp and remove flakes.

when OTC treatments fail: A dermatologist might prescribe stronger medicated shampoos or topical treatments.

How to Prevent Dandruff

While not entirely preventable, adopting a scalp-friendly routine can help minimize symptoms and avoid future flare-ups.

regular cleansing: Wash your hair regularly with a mild shampoo tailored to your hair type and scalp needs.

avoid harsh ingredients: Steer clear of hair products with alcohol or chemicals that may irritate the skin.

manage stress: High stress levels can worsen dandruff, so relaxation techniques like meditation, exercise, or yoga may help.

Related Conditions

Although dandruff itself isn’t dangerous, it may be linked to or mistaken for other medical conditions.

seborrheic dermatitis: A more intense form of dandruff involving redness, inflammation, and severe flaking across the scalp and face.

psoriasis: A chronic autoimmune condition that causes red, scaly patches on the skin and scalp.

contact dermatitis: Allergic reactions to hair care products or irritants can mimic or worsen dandruff.

neurological disorders: Conditions like Parkinson’s or post-stroke syndromes have shown a connection with increased dandruff risk.

Living With Dandruff

Dandruff can be frustrating or embarrassing, but it doesn’t have to affect your confidence or lifestyle permanently. With the right strategy, you can manage symptoms effectively.

tips for managing dandruff:

  • use anti-dandruff shampoos regularly to reduce flaking

  • maintain good hair hygiene by washing frequently

  • avoid scratching, which can further irritate the scalp

  • consult a dermatologist if OTC options aren’t working