Pica is an eating disorder that causes individuals to crave and consume non-food substances with no nutritional value, such as dirt, clay, hair, paper, or ice. It is most frequently observed in young children and pregnant individuals but can also occur in adults, particularly those with certain nutritional deficiencies or sensory cravings.

While some of the items consumed in pica may seem harmless, others can pose significant health risks—such as intestinal blockages or poisoning. If you suspect you have pica or are experiencing symptoms, a healthcare provider can assess your condition through medical history and symptom evaluation. Treatment varies depending on the underlying cause.

Types of Pica

geophagia
This type involves eating earth materials such as soil, dirt, clay, or sand.

pagophagia
Characterized by the compulsive consumption of ice, frost, or cold drinks, often seen in individuals with iron-deficiency anemia.

amylophagia
Involves eating starch-based substances like laundry starch, cornstarch, uncooked rice, or pasta.

Other non-food items commonly consumed by individuals with pica include charcoal, chalk, ashes, baking soda, hair, paint chips, pencil erasers, sand, and paper.

Symptoms

primary symptom
The main sign of pica is the persistent consumption of non-food items that offer no nutritional benefit.

additional symptoms
While some items may pass through the body harmlessly, others can cause gastrointestinal or toxic effects. Symptoms may include:

  • Abdominal pain

  • Bloating

  • Constipation

  • Nausea

  • Diarrhea

  • Bloody stool

Causes

The exact cause of pica remains unclear, but several conditions are associated with increased risk, including:

  • Nutritional deficiencies, especially iron or zinc

  • Developmental and intellectual disabilities, such as autism spectrum disorder

  • Mental health conditions like OCD or schizophrenia

  • Iron-deficiency anemia

  • Pregnancy, particularly with iron deficiency

  • Chronic stress or trauma, especially in children exposed to poverty or neglect

  • Cultural practices in which eating substances like clay or soil is normalized

  • Related behaviors such as trichotillomania (hair pulling) or skin picking

Diagnosis

Healthcare professionals diagnose pica based on symptom patterns and a comprehensive health history. Diagnosis generally requires:

  • Persistent consumption of non-food items for at least one month

  • Eating behavior not attributed to cultural or socially accepted practices

  • Behavior inappropriate for the individual’s developmental stage

To confirm the diagnosis or investigate complications, providers may request:

  • blood tests to check for nutrient deficiencies or lead levels

  • imaging tests like X-rays to detect blockages

  • stool tests to rule out infections

  • psychological evaluations to assess for mental health disorders

Treatments

Treatment for pica is individualized and depends on factors such as the cause, the type of items ingested, and the presence of related health conditions or complications. Common treatment options include:

  • behavioral therapy, especially cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), to change thought patterns and behaviors

  • nutritional supplements and counseling to correct deficiencies

  • family or individual counseling to address emotional stress and provide support

  • medical treatment for complications, such as antibiotics or antiparasitic medications

  • psychological treatment or medication for any underlying mental health conditions

  • surgical intervention, in severe cases of intestinal blockage

How to Prevent Pica

There is no guaranteed way to prevent pica, but maintaining a well-balanced, nutrient-rich diet can help reduce the risk. For children, especially those under age three, close supervision is important to prevent the ingestion of non-food items.

Complications

Consuming non-food substances can lead to a variety of health issues, including:

  • Intestinal obstruction

  • Stomach ulcers

  • Dental damage or broken teeth

  • Infections from bacteria or parasites

  • Lead poisoning (especially from paint chips)

  • Constipation

  • Seizures due to electrolyte imbalances

  • Fatigue and poor nutrition

  • Behavioral issues

Living With Pica

If you or someone in your care is showing signs of pica, seeking professional help is crucial. A healthcare provider can determine the root cause of the behavior and recommend an effective treatment strategy.

In many cases, particularly among children and pregnant individuals, pica is temporary and may resolve with treatment or as circumstances change. However, if pica is linked to developmental or psychological conditions, it may require long-term management.

Education for individuals, families, and caregivers is essential. Counseling can provide emotional support and tools to manage compulsive behaviors. Nutritionists and dietitians can also help address deficiencies and build a sustainable, healthy diet.