Tooth Decay (Cavities)

Tooth decay, or cavities, is one of the most common oral health problems worldwide. It occurs when acids produced by plaque bacteria erode the enamel of the teeth. Over time, this erosion forms holes (cavities) that can lead to pain, sensitivity, and even tooth loss if untreated.

Causes include:

  • Frequent consumption of sugary foods or drinks

  • Poor oral hygiene

  • Lack of fluoride

Symptoms:

  • Toothache

  • Sensitivity to sweet, hot, or cold

  • Visible holes or pits in teeth

Prevention:

  • Brush with fluoride toothpaste twice a day

  • Floss daily

  • Limit sugary snacks

  • Visit the dentist regularly

Gingivitis (Gum Inflammation)

Gingivitis is the earliest stage of gum disease, characterized by swollen, red, and bleeding gums. It results from plaque buildup at the gumline and can usually be reversed with improved oral hygiene.

Common signs:

  • Bleeding gums during brushing

  • Swollen or tender gums

  • Bad breath

Treatment and prevention:

  • Brushing and flossing regularly

  • Using antiseptic mouthwash

  • Professional dental cleanings

If left untreated, gingivitis can advance to more severe gum disease.

Periodontitis (Advanced Gum Disease)

Periodontitis is a serious gum infection that damages the soft tissue and destroys the bone that supports your teeth. It often starts as untreated gingivitis.

Warning signs:

  • Receding gums

  • Loose teeth

  • Pus between teeth and gums

Risk factors:

  • Smoking

  • Poor oral hygiene

  • Diabetes

Management includes:

  • Deep cleaning (scaling and root planing)

  • Antibiotics

  • Surgery in severe cases

Halitosis (Bad Breath)

Halitosis, or chronic bad breath, can be embarrassing and may signal an underlying problem. Causes range from poor oral hygiene to medical conditions like dry mouth or infections.

Causes include:

  • Plaque and food particles

  • Gum disease

  • Dry mouth (xerostomia)

  • Certain foods and drinks

Solutions:

  • Regular brushing and flossing

  • Scraping the tongue

  • Staying hydrated

  • Dental evaluation for persistent issues

Oral Thrush

Oral thrush is a fungal infection caused by the overgrowth of Candida yeast in the mouth. It often appears as white patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, and roof of the mouth.

Risk groups:

  • Infants and elderly

  • Denture wearers

  • People on antibiotics or steroids

  • Immunocompromised individuals

Treatment involves:

  • Antifungal medications

  • Improved oral hygiene

  • Managing underlying conditions

Canker Sores

Canker sores are small, painful ulcers that occur inside the mouth. They are not contagious and usually heal on their own, but can be triggered by stress, injury, or certain foods.

Symptoms:

  • Round or oval white sores with a red border

  • Pain or discomfort when eating or talking

Care tips:

  • Rinse with salt water

  • Avoid spicy or acidic foods

  • Use topical ointments for pain relief

Cold Sores

Cold sores, unlike canker sores, are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). They are contagious and typically appear on or around the lips.

Symptoms include:

  • Tingling or itching sensation

  • Blisters that crust over

Managing outbreaks:

  • Antiviral creams or oral medications

  • Avoiding close contact during outbreaks

  • Stress management

Tooth Sensitivity

Tooth sensitivity is discomfort or pain in teeth in response to certain stimuli, such as hot, cold, sweet, or acidic foods. It may result from worn enamel or exposed tooth roots.

Causes:

  • Aggressive brushing

  • Gum recession

  • Tooth grinding

  • Dental erosion

Treatment options:

  • Desensitizing toothpaste

  • Fluoride applications

  • Dental bonding or gum grafts in severe cases

Tooth Erosion

Tooth erosion refers to the loss of tooth structure due to acid attack. Unlike decay, erosion is not caused by bacteria but by acidic substances from food, drink, or the stomach.

Main culprits:

  • Soft drinks and fruit juices

  • Acid reflux

  • Frequent vomiting (e.g., in bulimia)

Prevention strategies:

  • Reduce intake of acidic foods/drinks

  • Use a straw when drinking acidic beverages

  • Rinse with water afterward

Oral Cancer

Oral cancer includes cancers of the lips, tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, and hard/soft palate. Early detection is crucial for better outcomes.

Warning signs:

  • Persistent mouth sores

  • Lumps or thick patches

  • Difficulty swallowing

Risk factors:

  • Tobacco and alcohol use

  • HPV infection

  • Excessive sun exposure (lip cancer)

Routine screenings by a dentist can help detect oral cancer early.

Bruxism (Teeth Grinding)

Bruxism involves grinding or clenching teeth, often during sleep. It can cause tooth wear, jaw pain, and headaches.

Signs and symptoms:

  • Worn teeth

  • Jaw soreness

  • Clicking sounds in the jaw

Management tips:

  • Wearing a night guard

  • Stress reduction techniques

  • Dental correction if needed

Dry Mouth (Xerostomia)

Dry mouth results from reduced saliva flow, which can increase the risk of tooth decay and gum disease.

Common causes:

  • Medications

  • Aging

  • Radiation therapy

  • Health conditions like diabetes

How to manage:

  • Drink plenty of water

  • Use saliva substitutes or stimulants

  • Avoid alcohol and caffeine

Maintaining Oral Health

Preventing oral diseases is easier with good habits:

  • Brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste

  • Floss every day

  • Eat a balanced, low-sugar diet

  • Avoid tobacco

  • Visit your dentist at least twice a year

Oral health is deeply linked to overall well-being. Conditions like gum disease have been associated with heart disease and diabetes, making oral care a top priority.