Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) refers to a condition where individuals have atypical reactions to sensory input. Some may be hypersensitive, while others may barely register sensory information, which can interfere with everyday activities and social participation. Although it is commonly seen in children, especially those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other developmental conditions, SPD is not officially recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR).

Research estimates that between 5% and 16% of children in the United States show symptoms consistent with SPD, indicating that it is relatively common.

Different Forms of Sensory Processing Disorder

SPD can present in several ways based on how the person processes sensory stimuli:

Sensory Over-Responsivity (SOR) Children with SOR are extremely sensitive to sensory input. Everyday sounds, lights, textures, and smells can feel overwhelming, often leading them to avoid busy or noisy environments.

Sensory Under-Responsivity (SUR) Children exhibiting SUR may show a diminished response to sensory stimuli. They might seem detached or unaware of their surroundings and often seek additional sensory input by activities like mouthing objects.

Sensory Seeking (SS) Sensory seekers crave intense sensory experiences. They may constantly touch things, bump into objects, or display a high level of physical activity, often appearing hyperactive or uncoordinated.

Common Symptoms of SPD The symptoms of SPD are diverse but typically involve either extreme sensitivity or lack of response to sensory information. Children may cover their ears, close their eyes, rock back and forth, or show distress in overstimulating environments.

SPD can make it difficult for children to concentrate or communicate effectively, impacting their success at school and at home. Many children with SPD also deal with digestive issues, sleep difficulties, and selective eating habits.

What Causes SPD?

SPD is thought to arise from abnormal brain development during prenatal and early postnatal periods. Premature birth or low birth weight can affect how the nervous system processes sensory information.

Other factors potentially linked to SPD include:

  • Hereditary factors
  • Prenatal exposure to certain medications or toxins
  • Birth complications or multiple births
  • Cesarean section delivery
  • Immediate post-birth medical interventions

SPD is more commonly diagnosed in children with developmental disorders such as autism, fetal alcohol syndrome, and Down syndrome, where rates may reach 80% to 100%.

Diagnosing SPD

A diagnosis typically involves input from caregivers, teachers, and healthcare providers to assess the child’s behavior in various settings. Functional imaging techniques like fMRI can detect brain differences but are not part of standard SPD diagnosis.

The diagnosis remains controversial because some experts believe focusing on SPD separately may hinder children from receiving comprehensive support available for broader developmental disorders like autism.

Treatment Options for SPD

Management of SPD often centers on occupational therapy with a sensory integration approach. Therapy sessions aim to help children better regulate their sensory responses and improve their coping skills.

Early intervention and individualized therapy can enhance a child's ability to function in daily life, improve relationships, and support learning in academic settings.

Partnering with qualified healthcare professionals ensures a tailored plan that addresses each child's unique sensory needs, promoting better outcomes.